Lifestyle changes
Include weight-bearing activity, strength work, and balance practice suited to your ability. Build up gradually and make your everyday surroundings supportive of safe, confident movement.
Bone Health
Bones provide the framework for movement, protect vital structures, and act as a store of minerals used throughout the body. They are living tissue that is continually maintained and renewed. Supporting bone health therefore involves both the strength of the skeleton and the nutritional processes that help sustain it. Minerals provide much of bone’s hardness, while a protein framework contributes to its structure. Vitamin D, vitamin K, and other nutrients have distinct roles in the normal processes involved in bone maintenance. Considering those roles together helps create a balanced approach that reflects your dietary intake and individual needs. Bone health also connects with the muscle strength and balance that make movement feel confident and controlled. Your priorities may change across adulthood or with a shift in activity or nutritional intake. A focused routine brings these considerations together and supports a long-term view of skeletal health and everyday mobility.
Warnings
- Review calcium and vitamin D totals: Excess intake can cause problems, including raised blood calcium in some circumstances. A history of kidney stones or relevant medical conditions warrants individual advice before adding higher-dose products.
- Vitamin K and warfarin: If you take warfarin, discuss vitamin K supplements and substantial dietary changes with your care team. Consistent intake and appropriate monitoring matter; do not adjust either treatment on your own.
- Minerals can affect medicine absorption: Calcium, magnesium, iron, and other minerals can interfere with the absorption of certain medicines. Ask a pharmacist about the specific combination and timing instead of applying one spacing rule to every product.
- Kidney disease changes supplement safety: Kidney function affects how the body handles several minerals and other ingredients. Seek individual advice before adding products, especially potassium or magnesium, if you have kidney disease or relevant medicines.
Ingredient overview
Goal guidance
Diet changes
Include calcium-containing foods and adequate protein within a varied diet. Consider vitamin D and other nutritional needs alongside your usual intake and any individual guidance.
Who this is for
Adults supporting bone health through changing nutritional needs, reduced intake, or a focus on maintaining strength and mobility.
Who should be careful
Seek advice with kidney disease, kidney stones, high blood calcium, or medicines affected by minerals or vitamin K. Strontium requires particular review because it can affect bone-density measurements and differs from prescribed treatments.
Expected timeline
Bone health develops over months and years. Follow an appropriate assessment schedule while tracking shorter-term improvements in strength, balance, and consistent nutrient intake.
Common mistakes
Focusing on one mineral can overlook the wider needs of bone health. Account for food sources, vitamin D, activity, and overlapping amounts across supplements.
Ingredients
Calcium Minerals
Impact
Highest effect
Typical dose500–1200 mg / day
Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body, with over 99% stored in the skeleton. It serves as the main building block for bone tissue. Adequate intake is crucial to achieve peak bone mass during youth and to minimize bone loss with age.
- Focuses on
- Most relevant for
- Older adults and children with low habitual dietary calcium intake.
Potential benefits
- Supports Bone Density.Increasing calcium intake through food or supplements can produce small increases in bone mineral density and slow age-related bone loss in older adults.
- Peak Bone Mass in Children.Supplemental calcium may increase the rate of bone mineral acquisition in prepubertal children, which is essential for achieving higher peak bone mass.
- Reduces Bone Turnover.Adequate calcium helps suppress bone turnover markers, particularly during periods of increased loss such as winter months in older populations.
Limitations
- Inconsistent Fracture Prevention.Evidence for preventing fractures with calcium alone is weak and inconsistent; clearer benefits are typically seen when combined with vitamin D in frail populations.
- Dietary Threshold Effect.Additional calcium often provides no measurable benefit for individuals who already meet recommended daily intakes through their regular diet.
- Limited Benefit for Specific Groups.Research indicates that supplemental calcium does not significantly improve bone density in healthy premenopausal or lactating women.
Things to consider
Supplemental calcium may increase the risk of kidney stones, constipation, and hypercalciuria. Doses should be tailored to habitual dietary intake to avoid excessive consumption.
Study evidence
144 studiesCalcium is essential for bones, and increasing intake can modestly improve bone density in some groups. Supplements do not consistently prevent fractures; benefits depend on context, and evidence for calcium combined with vitamin D cannot be attributed to calcium alone.
Magnesium Minerals
Impact
Highest effect
Typical dose200–450 mg / day
Magnesium is a vital cofactor in over 300 enzymatic reactions, including those essential for bone formation. It helps regulate calcium transport and is required for the proper function of the parathyroid hormone, which controls bone breakdown. Deficiency can lead to impaired bone crystal formation.
- Focuses on
- Most relevant for
- Older adults and postmenopausal women seeking to support bone mineral density through nutritional status.
Potential benefits
- Maintenance of Bone Mineral Density.Observational research consistently links higher magnesium intake and serum levels with better bone mineral density in the hip and spine, particularly in older white populations and postmenopausal women.
- Support for Mineral Metabolism.Magnesium acts as a cofactor for enzymes that regulate parathyroid hormone and the conversion of Vitamin D, both of which are essential for calcium balance and skeletal health.
- Fracture Risk Reduction.Unconfirmed. Some meta-analyses suggest that adequate magnesium status is associated with a lower risk of incident fractures, though evidence from clinical trials is needed to confirm a protective effect from supplements.
Limitations
- Unclear Fracture Prevention.Despite improvements in bone density, some large cohort studies found no reduction in hip fractures and even observed an increased risk of wrist fractures in those with the highest magnesium intakes.
- Demographic Variability.The association between magnesium and bone density may vary significantly by ethnicity and sex; for example, some studies found positive links in white participants but not in black participants.
- Supplementation Uncertainty.Most evidence is based on dietary intake or blood levels; short-term clinical trials using magnesium supplements have shown conflicting results regarding changes in bone turnover markers.
Things to consider
Excessive magnesium intake has been associated with an increased risk of osteoporotic fractures in men and may be linked to a higher risk of falls in older women. Cautions apply to those with chronic kidney disease as magnesium regulation is altered.
Study evidence
48 studiesMagnesium status is associated with bone health, but supplementation has not consistently been shown to strengthen bones or prevent fractures. Findings vary, and favourable associations with bone density do not necessarily translate into lower fracture risk.
Phosphorus Minerals
Impact
Highest effect
Typical dose500–1000 mg / day
Phosphorus works with calcium to form the mineral structure of bone. Dietary deficiency is rare, and excess intake can disrupt calcium balance, so supplementation is generally less relevant than maintaining an adequate dietary intake.
- Focuses on
- Most relevant for
- Individuals with specific mineral absorption concerns or those at risk of deficiency due to restricted diets or medical conditions.
Potential benefits
- Bone Mineralization.Phosphorus is a fundamental structural component of bone, combining with calcium to form hydroxyapatite crystals that provide skeletal strength.
- Developmental Support.In specific populations like premature infants, maintaining adequate phosphorus intake is essential for preventing metabolic bone disease and supporting rapid skeletal growth.
- Restoring Mineral Balance.Supplemental phosphorus may help maintain bone integrity in individuals with rare phosphate-wasting conditions or severe malabsorption that leads to osteomalacia.
Limitations
- Calcium Dependency.The bone health effects of phosphorus are highly dependent on adequate calcium intake; an imbalanced ratio can trigger hormones that increase bone resorption.
- Inconsistent General Benefits.Research in healthy adults shows mixed results, with some studies finding no significant association between phosphorus intake and bone density or fracture risk.
- Limited Osteoporosis Advantage.Clinical trials indicate that phosphorus-containing supplements do not offer a clear bone-building advantage over other calcium forms for general osteoporosis management.
Things to consider
Excessive phosphorus intake, particularly from highly bioavailable food additives, can disrupt parathyroid hormone levels and may adversely affect bone health, especially in those with impaired kidney function.
Study evidence
44 studiesPhosphorus is essential for bone mineralization, but extra supplementation has not been shown to strengthen bones generally. Its effects depend on calcium intake, kidney function, and phosphorus status; both inadequate availability and excessive phosphorus exposure can be relevant to bone problems.
Vitamin D Vitamins
Impact
Highest effect
Typical dose20–100 mcg / day
Without sufficient Vitamin D, the body cannot effectively absorb calcium from the diet, rendering calcium intake less effective. It is a critical hormone-like vitamin that directly regulates calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, which is fundamental to bone mineralization and maintaining density.
- Focuses on
- Most relevant for
- Older adults and individuals with vitamin D deficiency seeking to maintain bone density and reduce fracture risk.
Potential benefits
- Fracture Risk Reduction.Vitamin D taken in combination with calcium is linked to a significant decrease in hip and total fracture incidence among older populations.
- Deficiency Correction.Supplementation effectively supports bone mineral density in individuals with low baseline levels, specifically those below 30 to 50 nmol/L.
- Mineralization Support.Helps maintain normal bone mineralization by improving intestinal calcium absorption and suppressing elevated parathyroid hormone levels.
Limitations
- Limited Benefit in Healthy Adults.Trials in generally healthy adults with adequate vitamin D status often find no significant improvement in bone density or structure from additional supplementation.
- Synergy Requirement.The clearest evidence for fracture prevention is associated with the combined intake of vitamin D and calcium, rather than vitamin D used alone.
- Site-Specific Variability.Benefits are not uniform across the skeleton; some studies show improvements in the spine and hip while noting no effect or even density loss in the forearm.
Things to consider
Excessive daily doses at or above 4000 IU may paradoxically decrease bone mineral density in healthy individuals and do not offer superior benefits compared to standard doses.
Study evidence
202 studiesVitamin D is essential for bone mineralization, but extra supplementation does not reliably strengthen bones in people with adequate status. The clearest supplied fracture benefits involve Vitamin D combined with calcium in older adults; high-dose supplementation can reduce bone density.
Vitamin K Vitamins
Impact
Highest effect
Typical dose90–400 mcg / day
Specifically, Vitamin K2 (menaquinone) is critical for directing calcium into the bones and teeth and away from soft tissues like arteries. It activates osteocalcin, a protein that incorporates calcium into bone, and Matrix Gla Protein (MGP), which prevents vascular calcification.
- Focuses on
- Most relevant for
- Postmenopausal women with osteopenia or osteoporosis.
Potential benefits
- Bone Mineral Density Support.Meta-analyses and long-term trials suggest that Vitamin K2 supplementation may help maintain or improve bone mineral density at the lumbar spine in postmenopausal women.
- Protein Activation.Vitamin K is a necessary cofactor for the carboxylation of osteocalcin, the protein responsible for binding calcium to the bone matrix to support mineralization.
- Bone Geometry Maintenance.Some studies indicate that Vitamin K may help preserve the structural microarchitecture and strength of trabecular bone in the hip and tibia, even when overall density measurements do not change.
Limitations
- Inconsistent Fracture Prevention.Clinical results are mixed regarding fracture reduction; some trials show no additional protective benefit when Vitamin K is added to standard osteoporosis medications.
- Variable Bone Density Impact.Multiple high-quality, long-term randomized trials found that Vitamin K supplementation failed to prevent the general age-related decline in bone mineral density compared to placebo.
- Population Constraints.Research primarily shows effects in postmenopausal women with existing low bone density; there is limited evidence of benefit for healthy premenopausal women or younger populations.
Things to consider
Vitamin K intake can interfere with the effectiveness of anticoagulant medications like warfarin. Some clinical trials have reported higher rates of non-serious adverse reactions and treatment discontinuation in Vitamin K supplementation groups.
Study evidence
78 studiesVitamin K helps activate proteins involved in bone mineralization, and supplements may improve some bone-density measures, particularly in postmenopausal women. However, clinical results are inconsistent, and changes in these proteins do not reliably translate into stronger bones or fewer fractures.
Boron Minerals
Impact
High effect
Typical dose1–6 mg / day
Boron is a trace mineral that has a significant impact on bone metabolism. It influences the production and activity of steroid hormones, including estrogen and testosterone, which are important for maintaining bone density in both men and women.
- Focuses on
- Most relevant for
- Postmenopausal women or individuals with low dietary mineral intake seeking to support bone mineral retention.
Potential benefits
- Mineral Retention.Unconfirmed. Supplementation may help reduce the loss of calcium and magnesium through urine, particularly in individuals with low dietary magnesium, which are essential minerals for bone structure.
- Hormonal Support.Unconfirmed. Boron may increase the concentration of steroid hormones like estradiol and testosterone, which are naturally involved in maintaining bone density.
- Bone Metabolism Synergy.Unconfirmed. Boron is suggested to interact with Vitamin D and magnesium to support the body's natural bone-building processes, though direct impacts on bone strength are not established.
Limitations
- Inconsistent Mineral Effects.The effect on calcium retention is inconsistent and may reverse; one study found boron increased calcium loss in participants who already had adequate magnesium intake.
- Lack of Clinical Outcomes.Research primarily focuses on urinary and blood markers rather than direct, long-term improvements in bone mineral density or reduced fracture risk.
- Dietary Context Dependency.Benefits appear largely dependent on existing nutritional deficiencies; those with adequate fruit and vegetable intake may see little to no additional benefit.
Things to consider
The influence of boron on calcium levels can change significantly based on your dietary magnesium intake; consult the provided research regarding magnesium status before use.
Study evidence
5 studiesBoron influences mineral metabolism, which may be relevant to bone health, but the available research does not establish stronger bones or fewer fractures from supplementation. Findings mostly concern mineral handling and vary with magnesium intake, rather than demonstrating a consistent bone-density benefit.
Studies
Explore published research for this goal.
Sources
Up to five highest-ranked published examples per ingredient. Study counts and charts include all published studies for the connection.
- What is the impact of daily oral supplementation of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) plus calcium on the incidence of hip fracture in older people? A systematic review and meta-analysis.
- Calcium supplementation prevents seasonal bone loss and changes in biochemical markers of bone turnover in elderly New England women: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.
- The effects of calcium supplementation (milk powder or tablets) and exercise on bone density in postmenopausal women.
- The efficacy of calcium supplementation alone in elderly Thai women over a 2-year period: a randomized controlled trial.
- Calcium-enriched foods and bone mass growth in prepubertal girls: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
- Association between Serum Magnesium and Fractures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.
- Bioabsorbable Magnesium-Based Materials Potential and Safety in Bone Surgery: A Systematic Review.
- Vascularized bone grafting fixed by biodegradable magnesium screw for treating osteonecrosis of the femoral head.
- An update on magnesium and bone health.
- Sex-specific differences in the association of magnesium intake with femoral neck bone mineral density among older adults.
- Dairy product consumption, eating habits, sedentary behaviour and physical activity association with bone mineral density among adolescent boys: a cross-sectional observational study.
- Burosumab Improved Histomorphometric Measures of Osteomalacia in Adults with X-Linked Hypophosphatemia: A Phase 3, Single-Arm, International Trial.
- Early high calcium and phosphorus intake by parenteral nutrition prevents short-term bone strength decline in preterm infants.
- Phosphate Metabolism in Health and Disease.
- Expert consensus on clinical management of metabolic bone disease of prematurity (2021).
- Pregnancy vitamin D supplementation and offspring bone mineral density in childhood follow-up of a randomized controlled trial.
- Vitamin D analogs and bone: preclinical and clinical studies with eldecalcitol.
- Efficacy of vitamin D fortified foods on bone mineral density and serum bone biomarkers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional studies.
- Cholecalciferol Supplementation Attenuates Bone Loss in Incident Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Prespecified Secondary Endpoint Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial.
- Vitamin D supplementation and bone health in post-menopausal women: a 24-month randomized controlled intervention with enhanced bioavailability formulations.
- Vitamin K and the prevention of fractures: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
- Three-year low-dose menaquinone-7 supplementation helps decrease bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women.
- Effect of combined administration of vitamin D3 and vitamin K2 on bone mineral density of the lumbar spine in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.
- Efficacy and safety of vitamin K2 for postmenopausal women with osteoporosis at a long-term follow-up: meta-analysis and systematic review.
- Low-dose vitamin K2 (MK-4) supplementation for 12 months improves bone metabolism and prevents forearm bone loss in postmenopausal Japanese women.
- [Comparative study of the urinary excretion of boron, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in postmenopausal women with and without osteoporosis].
- Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women.
- The relationship between boron and magnesium status and bone mineral density in the human: a review.
- Effects of boron supplementation on bone mineral density and dietary, blood, and urinary calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and boron in female athletes.
- Metabolic responses of postmenopausal women to supplemental dietary boron and aluminum during usual and low magnesium intake: boron, calcium, and magnesium absorption and retention and blood mineral concentrations
- Effect of Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation With and Without Collagen Peptides on Volumetric and Areal Bone Mineral Density, Bone Geometry and Bone Turnover in Postmenopausal Women With Osteopenia.
- Bone turnover and bone collagen maturation in osteoporosis: effects of antiresorptive therapies.
- A calcium-collagen chelate dietary supplement attenuates bone loss in postmenopausal women with osteopenia: a randomized controlled trial.
- Assessment of Osteoporosis in Lumbar Spine: In Vivo Quantitative MR Imaging of Collagen Bound Water in Trabecular Bone.
- Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation with and without collagen peptides on bone turnover in postmenopausal women with osteopenia.
- The Association between Dietary and Circulating Copper Levels and Osteoporosis: a Scoping Review.
- Association between dietary copper, iron, zinc, selenium intake and osteopenia or osteoporosis in elderly hypertensive patients: a retrospective cohort study.
- Associations of dietary copper intake with total bone mineral density and lumbar spine bone mineral density in American adults.
- The association between dietary mineral intake and bone mineral density: a cross-sectional study.
- Association between dietary copper intake and bone mineral density in children and adolescents aged 8-19 years: A cross-sectional study.
- Implantoplasty Versus Glycine Air Abrasion for the Surgical Treatment of Peri-implantitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
- Amino Acid Intakes Are Associated With Bone Mineral Density and Prevalence of Low Bone Mass in Women: Evidence From Discordant Monozygotic Twins.
- Type V osteogenesis imperfecta: a new form of brittle bone disease.
- Associations of Dietary and Circulating Choline and Glycine With Bone Mineral Density: UK Biobank Analyses With Mendelian Randomization.
- Metabolomic insights into amino acid signatures and pathways associated with osteoporosis in Iranian elderly population.
- Dietary L-lysine and calcium metabolism in humans.
- Risk of Environmental Chemicals on Bone Fractures Is Independent of Low Bone Mass in US Adults: Insights from 2017 to 2018 NHANES.
- The Manganese-Bone Connection: Investigating the Role of Manganese in Bone Health.
- Associations of multiple metals with bone mineral density: A population-based study in US adults.
- Sex-specific associations of urinary mixed-metal concentrations with femoral bone mineral density among older people: an NHANES (2017-2020) analysis.
- Relationship between blood manganese and bone mineral density and bone mineral content in adults: A population-based cross-sectional study.
- Human bone collagen synthesis is a rapid, nutritionally modulated process.
- Osteogenesis imperfecta: recent findings shed new light on this once well-understood condition.
- Can Dietary Intake of Vitamin C-Oriented Foods Reduce the Risk of Osteoporosis, Fracture, and BMD Loss? Systematic Review With Meta-Analyses of Recent Studies.
- Dietary vitamin C intake and the risk of hip fracture: a dose-response meta-analysis.
- Smoking, antioxidant vitamins, and the risk of hip fracture.
- Micronutrients and the risk of hip fracture: Case-control study.
- Favorable effect of dietary vitamin C on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women (KNHANES IV, 2009): discrepancies regarding skeletal sites, age, and vitamin D status.
- Increased incidence of fractures in middle-aged and elderly men with low intakes of phosphorus and zinc.
- Zinc Supplementation Increases Procollagen Type 1 Amino-Terminal Propeptide in Premenarcheal Girls: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
- Randomized controlled trial of prenatal zinc supplementation and fetal bone growth.
- The effects of zinc supplementation on serum zinc, alkaline phosphatase activity and fracture healing of bones.
- Is Zinc an Important Trace Element on Bone-Related Diseases and Complications? A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review from Serum Level, Dietary Intake, and Supplementation Aspects.
- Association between RBC folate and lumbar bone mineral density in postmenopausal women, a cross-sectional study from NHANES 2009-2018.
- Genetic variants modify the associations of concentrations of methylmalonic acid, vitamin B-12, vitamin B-6, and folate with bone mineral density.
- Adequate Intake and Supplementation of B Vitamins, in Particular Folic Acid, can Play a Protective Role in Bone Health.
- Relation of homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B12 to bone mineral density of postmenopausal women.
- Dietary intake of folate, but not vitamin B2 or B12, is associated with increased bone mineral density 5 years after the menopause: results from a 10-year follow-up study in early postmenopausal women.
- Effect of potassium citrate on bone density, microarchitecture, and fracture risk in healthy older adults without osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial.
- Long-term persistence of the urine calcium-lowering effect of potassium bicarbonate in postmenopausal women.
- Partial neutralization of the acidogenic Western diet with potassium citrate increases bone mass in postmenopausal women with osteopenia.
- Potassium citrate supplementation results in sustained improvement in calcium balance in older men and women.
- Effects of potassium chloride and potassium bicarbonate on endothelial function, cardiovascular risk factors, and bone turnover in mild hypertensives.
- Evaluating the Protective Role of Vitamin A Supplementation in Periodontal Health: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
- Dietary vitamin A intake and bone health in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study.
- Vitamin A and its dervatives effect on bone mineral density, a systematic review.
- Association of vitamins with bone mineral density and osteoporosis measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry: a cross-sectional study.
- Association of dietary consumption and serum levels of vitamin A and β-carotene with bone mineral density in Chinese adults.
- Effect of Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid Supplementation on Bone Mineral Density and Quantitative Ultrasound Parameters in Older People with an Elevated Plasma Homocysteine Level: B-PROOF, a Randomized Controlled Trial.
- Plasma B vitamins, homocysteine, and their relation with bone loss and hip fracture in elderly men and women.
- Relation between homocysteine and B-vitamin status indicators and bone mineral density in older Americans.
- The role of B-vitamin intake, B-vitamin-rich dietary patterns, the B-vitamin deficiency index in bone mineral density among school-aged children.
- Hyperhomocysteinemia is Associated with Inflammation, Bone Resorption, Vitamin B12 and Folate Deficiency and MTHFR C677T Polymorphism in Postmenopausal Women with Decreased Bone Mineral Density.
- The Effects of the AGE Inhibitor Pyridoxamine on Bone in Older Women With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
- Dietary B vitamin intake and risk of hip fracture: the Singapore Chinese Health Study.
- Hip fracture patients may be vitamin B6 deficient. Controlled study of serum pyridoxal-5'-phosphate.
- Degree of mineralization-related collagen crosslinking in the femoral neck cancellous bone in cases of hip fracture and controls.
- Effects of Curcumin on Bone Loss and Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury.
- The Effect of Selected Herbal Medicines on Bone Turnover Markers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
- Efficacy of nanomicelle curcumin, Nigella sativa oil, and their combination on bone turnover markers and their safety in postmenopausal women with primary osteoporosis and osteopenia: A triple-blind randomized controlled trial.
- The Effect of Curcumin on Postmenopausal Symptoms: A Systematic Review Based on Randomized Controlled Trials.
- Effects of a curcumin-based supplementation in asymptomatic subjects with low bone density: a preliminary 24-week supplement study.
- Habitual use of fish oil supplements, genetic predisposition, and risk of fractures: a large population-based study.
- Perilla seed oil improves bone health by inhibiting bone resorption in healthy Japanese adults: A 12-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
- An increase in dietary n-3 fatty acids decreases a marker of bone resorption in humans.
- The Relationship Between Omega-3, Omega-6 and Total Polyunsaturated Fat and Musculoskeletal Health and Functional Status in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of RCTs.
- Dietary intake of fish, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of hip fracture: A systematic review and meta-analysis on observational studies.
- The effect of choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid in patients with peri-implantitis: an exploratory randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study.
- Calcium Phosphate Modified with Silicon vs. Bovine Hydroxyapatite for Alveolar Ridge Preservation: Densitometric Evaluation, Morphological Changes and Histomorphometric Study.
- Silicon: a review of its potential role in the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
- Osteogenic Effect of a Bioactive Calcium Alkali Phosphate Bone Substitute in Humans.
- Silicon and bone health.