Published studies used for the product analysis and the top-ranked studies for each ingredient and goal.
- Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Bjelakovic G; Nikolova D; Gluud LL; Simonetti RG; Gluud C · JAMA · 2007
Meta-analysis232,606 participants68 studies pooledflagGeneral Health forscienceVitamin C
- Vitamin C intake and multiple health outcomes: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
Xu K; Peng R; Zou Y; Jiang X; Sun Q; Song C · International journal of food sciences and nutrition · 2022
Meta-analysis76 studies pooledflagGeneral Health forscienceVitamin C
- Associations of Serum Biomarkers of Fruit and Vegetable Intake With the Risk of Cause-Specific Mortality and All-Cause Mortality: A National Prospective Cohort Study.
Pu L; Zhang R; Wang X; Zhao T; Sun H; Han L · Frontiers in nutrition · 2022
Cohort study12,530 participantsflagGeneral Health forscienceVitamin C
- Effect of Vitamin C Supplements on Respiratory Tract Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Keya TA; Leela A; Fernandez K; Habib N; Rashid M · Current reviews in clinical and experimental pharmacology · 2022
Meta-analysis10 studies pooledflagImmunity forscienceVitamin C
- Vitamin C and contribution to the normal function of the immune system: evaluation of a health claim pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006.
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) · EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2026
Guideline / consensusflagImmunity forscienceVitamin C
- The effect of macronutrient and micronutrient supplements on COVID-19: an umbrella review.
SeyedAlinaghi S; Shahidi R; Mojdeganlou H; Akhtaran FK; Maroufi SF; Maroufi SP; Mirzapour P; Karimi A; Khodaei S; Pour MM; Mehraeen E; Dadras O · Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2024
Systematic review28 studies pooledflagImmunity forscienceVitamin C
- Double-blind, half-face study comparing topical vitamin C and vehicle for rejuvenation of photodamage.
Fitzpatrick RE; Rostan EF · Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.] · 2002
Non-randomized trial10 participantsflagSkin Health forscienceVitamin C
- Dietary nutrient intakes and skin-aging appearance among middle-aged American women.
Cosgrove MC; Franco OH; Granger SP; Murray PG; Mayes AE · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2007
Cross-sectional study4,025 participantsflagSkin Health forscienceVitamin C
- Comparison of the Efficacy of Intralesional Ascorbic Acid Mesotherapy and Intralesional Tranexamic Acid in Treating Melasma in the Skin of Colour Population.
Aslam H; Muhammad A; Ullah A; Aziz N; Lakhiar JA; Ahmad B; Shahzadi A; Ahmad A; Chandni; Virdi G · Cureus · 2025
Randomized trial110 participantsflagSkin Health forscienceVitamin C
- Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing age-related macular degeneration.
Evans JR; Lawrenson JG · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2018
Meta-analysis55,614 participants4 studies pooledflagVision Support forscienceVitamin C
- What did we learn in 35 years of research on nutrition and supplements for age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review.
Pameijer EM; Heus P; Damen JAA; Spijker R; Hooft L; Ringens PJ; Imhof SM; van Leeuwen R · Acta ophthalmologica · 2023
Systematic review27 studies pooledflagVision Support forscienceVitamin C
- Ascorbic acid metabolites are involved in intraocular pressure control in the general population.
Hysi PG; Khawaja AP; Menni C; Tamraz B; Wareham N; Khaw KT; Foster PJ; Benet LZ; Spector TD; Hammond CJ · Redox biology · 2019
Observational studyflagVision Support forscienceVitamin C
- Effects of vitamin C on oxidative stress, inflammation, muscle soreness, and strength following acute exercise: meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials.
Righi NC; Schuch FB; De Nardi AT; Pippi CM; de Almeida Righi G; Puntel GO; da Silva AMV; Signori LU · European journal of nutrition · 2021
Meta-analysis313 participants18 studies pooledflagAnti-Inflammatory Support forscienceVitamin C
- Vitamin C supplementation and C-reactive protein levels: Findings from a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.
Safabakhsh M; Emami MR; Zeinali Khosroshahi M; Asbaghi O; Khodayari S; Khorshidi M; Alizadeh S; Viri EH · Journal of complementary & integrative medicine · 2024
Meta-analysis818 participants11 studies pooledflagAnti-Inflammatory Support forscienceVitamin C
- A High Vitamin C Micronutrient Supplement Is Unable to Attenuate Inflammation in People with Metabolic Syndrome but May Improve Metabolic Health Indices: A Randomised Controlled Trial.
Vlasiuk E; Zawari M; Whitehead R; Williman J; Carr AC · Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024
Randomized trial72 participantsflagAnti-Inflammatory Support forscienceVitamin C
- Dietary intake and blood concentrations of antioxidants and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer, and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies.
Aune D; Keum N; Giovannucci E; Fadnes LT; Boffetta P; Greenwood DC; Tonstad S; Vatten LJ; Riboli E; Norat T · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2019
Meta-analysis69 studies pooledflagGeneral Health forscienceVitamin C
- Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to vitamin C and increasing non haem iron absorption pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006.
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) · EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2026
Guideline / consensusflagGeneral Health forscienceVitamin C
- Vitamin C Depletion and All-Cause Mortality in Renal Transplant Recipients.
Sotomayor CG; Eisenga MF; Gomes Neto AW; Ozyilmaz A; Gans ROB; Jong WHA; Zelle DM; Berger SP; Gaillard CAJM; Navis GJ; Bakker SJ · Nutrients · 2018
Cohort study598 participantsflagGeneral Health forscienceVitamin C
- Relation between plasma ascorbic acid and mortality in men and women in EPIC-Norfolk prospective study: a prospective population study. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.
Khaw KT; Bingham S; Welch A; Luben R; Wareham N; Oakes S; Day N · Lancet (London, England) · 2001
Cohort study19,496 participantsflagGeneral Health forscienceVitamin C
- Hypomagnesemia Is a Risk Factor for Infections after Kidney Transplantation: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis.
Odler B; Deak AT; Pregartner G; Riedl R; Bozic J; Trummer C; Prenner A; Söllinger L; Krall M; Höflechner L; Hebesberger C; Boxler MS; Berghold A; Schemmer P; Pilz S; Rosenkranz AR · Nutrients · 2021
Cohort study376 participantsflagImmunity forscienceMagnesium
- Higher Intake of Dietary Magnesium Is Inversely Associated With COVID-19 Severity and Symptoms in Hospitalized Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study.
Nouri-Majd S; Ebrahimzadeh A; Mousavi SM; Zargarzadeh N; Eslami M; Santos HO; Taghizadeh M; Milajerdi A · Frontiers in nutrition · 2022
Cross-sectional study250 participantsflagImmunity forscienceMagnesium
- Mg2+ regulates cytotoxic functions of NK and CD8 T cells in chronic EBV infection through NKG2D.
Chaigne-Delalande B; Li FY; O'Connor GM; Lukacs MJ; Jiang P; Zheng L; Shatzer A; Biancalana M; Pittaluga S; Matthews HF; Jancel TJ; Bleesing JJ; Marsh RA; Kuijpers TW; Nichols KE; Lucas CL; Nagpal S; Mehmet H; Su HC; Cohen JI; Uzel G; Lenardo MJ · Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2013
Single-arm trialflagImmunity forscienceMagnesium
- Effect of magnesium on granulocyte function and on the exercise induced inflammatory response.
Mooren FC; Golf SW; Völker K · Magnesium research · 2003
Randomized trialflagImmunity forscienceMagnesium
- Maternal and neonatal outcomes following magnesium sulfate in the setting of chorioamnionitis: a meta-analysis.
Pergialiotis V; Sapantzoglou I; Rodolaki K; Varthaliti A; Theodora M; Antsaklis P; Thomakos N; Stavros S; Daskalakis G; Papapanagiotou A · Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2024
Meta-analysis6,559 participants8 studies pooledflagImmunity forscienceMagnesium
- Effects of selenium supplementation on selenoprotein gene expression and response to influenza vaccine challenge: a randomised controlled trial.
Goldson AJ; Fairweather-Tait SJ; Armah CN; Bao Y; Broadley MR; Dainty JR; Furniss C; Hart DJ; Teucher B; Hurst R · PloS one · 2011
Randomized trial119 participantsflagImmunity forscienceSelenium
- Effect of selenium on immune response against hepatitis B vaccine with accelerated method in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients.
Janbakhsh A; Mansouri F; Vaziri S; Sayad B; Afsharian M; Rahimi M; Shahebrahimi K; Salari F · Caspian journal of internal medicine · 2013
Randomized trial62 participantsflagImmunity forscienceSelenium
- Chemoprevention trial of human hepatitis with selenium supplementation in China.
Yu SY; Li WG; Zhu YJ; Yu WP; Hou C · Biological trace element research · 1990
Non-randomized trial20,847 participantsflagImmunity forscienceSelenium
- Selenium nanoparticles as adjunctive therapy in sepsis: A pilot randomized clinical trial.
Gu WJ; Huang W; Zhao FZ; Yuan XK; Jin K; Chen JL; Zhang CY; Huang Y; He L; Zhuang H; Yin HY; Chen T · Drug resistance updates : reviews and commentaries in antimicrobial and anticancer chemotherapy · 2026
Randomized trial70 participantsflagImmunity forscienceSelenium
- Selenium supplementation in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis decreases thyroid peroxidase antibodies concentrations.
Gärtner R; Gasnier BC; Dietrich JW; Krebs B; Angstwurm MW · The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2002
Randomized trial70 participantsflagImmunity forscienceSelenium
- Depressed immune response to tetanus in children with vitamin A deficiency.
Semba RD; Muhilal; Scott AL; Natadisastra G; Wirasasmita S; Mele L; Ridwan E; West KP; Sommer A · The Journal of nutrition · 1992
Randomized trial236 participantsflagImmunity forscienceVitamin A
- Impact of a single megadose of vitamin A at delivery on breastmilk of mothers and morbidity of their infants.
Roy SK; Islam A; Molla A; Akramuzzaman SM; Jahan F; Fuchs G · European journal of clinical nutrition · 1997
Randomized trial50 participantsflagImmunity forscienceVitamin A
- Vitamin A supplementation reduces measles morbidity in young African children: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial.
Coutsoudis A; Broughton M; Coovadia HM · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 1991
Randomized trial60 participantsflagImmunity forscienceVitamin A
- Vitamin A supplementation enhances specific IgG antibody levels and total lymphocyte numbers while improving morbidity in measles.
Coutsoudis A; Kiepiela P; Coovadia HM; Broughton M · The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 1992
Randomized trial60 participantsflagImmunity forscienceVitamin A
- Vitamin A supplementation reduces the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 intestinal immune response of Mexican children.
Long KZ; Santos JI; Estrada Garcia T; Haas M; Firestone M; Bhagwat J; Dupont HL; Hertzmark E; Rosado JL; Nanthakumar NN · The Journal of nutrition · 2006
Randomized trial127 participantsflagImmunity forscienceVitamin A
- Therapeutic effects of high-dose vitamin C supplementation in patients with COVID-19: a meta-analysis.
Sun L; Zhao JH; Fan WY; Feng B; Liu WW; Chen RQ; Ban C; Dang AG; Wang M; Luo KT; Zhou GY; Yu FF; Ba Y · Nutrition reviews · 2024
Meta-analysis2,334 participants14 studies pooledflagImmunity forscienceVitamin C
- Effect of micronutrient supplements on influenza and other respiratory tract infections among adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Abioye AI; Bromage S; Fawzi W · BMJ global health · 2021
Meta-analysisflagImmunity forscienceVitamin C
- New evidence for antioxidant properties of vitamin C.
Vojdani A; Bazargan M; Vojdani E; Wright J · Cancer detection and prevention · 2001
Randomized trial20 participantsflagImmunity forscienceVitamin C
- Enhanced Vitamin C Delivery: A Systematic Literature Review Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of Alternative Supplement Forms in Healthy Adults.
Calder PC; Kreider RB; McKay DL · Nutrients · 2025
Systematic review13 studies pooledflagImmunity forscienceVitamin C
- Nutrient supplementation for prevention of viral respiratory tract infections in healthy subjects: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Vlieg-Boerstra B; de Jong N; Meyer R; Agostoni C; De Cosmi V; Grimshaw K; Milani GP; Muraro A; Oude Elberink H; Pali-Schöll I; Roduit C; Sasaki M; Skypala I; Sokolowska M; van Splunter M; Untersmayr E; Venter C; O'Mahony L; Nwaru BI · Allergy · 2022
Meta-analysis199,055 participants115 studies pooledflagImmunity forscienceZinc
- Zinc supplementation reduces the incidence of acute lower respiratory infections in infants and preschool children: a double-blind, controlled trial.
Sazawal S; Black RE; Jalla S; Mazumdar S; Sinha A; Bhan MK · Pediatrics · 1998
Randomized trial609 participantsflagImmunity forscienceZinc
- A randomized controlled trial of zinc supplementation in the treatment of acute respiratory tract infection in Thai children.
Rerksuppaphol S; Rerksuppaphol L · Pediatric reports · 2020
Randomized trial64 participantsflagImmunity forscienceZinc
- The effect of zinc and vitamin A supplementation on immune response in an older population.
Fortes C; Forastiere F; Agabiti N; Fano V; Pacifici R; Virgili F; Piras G; Guidi L; Bartoloni C; Tricerri A; Zuccaro P; Ebrahim S; Perucci CA · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 1998
Randomized trial136 participantsflagImmunity forscienceZinc
- The role of specific nutrients in preventing immune system and blood cell disorders: an umbrella review.
Vecchietti A; Strano P; Minutolo G; Grieco V; Cappuccio G; Granvillano G; Confalonieri L; Briganti GL; Raso E; Chimienti M; Pellegrini M; Mercogliano M; Spatari G; Lugli C; Urbano T; Lorenzon A · Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene · 2026
Systematic review13 studies pooledflagImmunity forscienceZinc
- Efficacy and Tolerability of Topical 0.1% Stabilized Bioactive Retinol for Photoaging: A Vehicle-Controlled Integrated Analysis.
Farris P; Berson D; Bhatia N; Goldberg D; Lain E; Mariwalla K; Zeichner J; Miller D; McGuire T; Kizoulis M · Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD · 2024
Meta-analysis471 participants6 studies pooledflagSkin Health forscienceVitamin A
- Tensile properties and contours of aging facial skin. A controlled double-blind comparative study of the effects of retinol, melibiose-lactose and their association.
Piérard-Franchimont C; Castelli D; Cromphaut IV; Bertin C; Ries G; Cauwenbergh G; Piérard GE · Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI) · 2016
Randomized trial120 participantsflagSkin Health forscienceVitamin A
- Antiaging action of retinol: from molecular to clinical.
Bellemère G; Stamatas GN; Bruère V; Bertin C; Issachar N; Oddos T · Skin pharmacology and physiology · 2009
Randomized trial48 participantsflagSkin Health forscienceVitamin A
- An Updated Review of Topical Tretinoin in Dermatology: From Acne and Photoaging to Skin Cancer.
Balado-Simó P; Morgado-Carrasco D; Gómez-Armayones S; López-Ferrer A; Barco D; Ferrándiz-Pulido C; Podlipnik S · Journal of clinical medicine · 2025
Narrative reviewflagSkin Health forscienceVitamin A
- Novel Cyclized Hexapeptide-9 Outperforms Retinol Against Skin Aging: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Active- and Vehicle-Controlled Clinical Trial.
Chang H; Tao K; Yang Y; Wang Y; Ge M; Wang X; Tang S; Yu H · Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2025
Randomized trialflagSkin Health forscienceVitamin A
- Evaluation of the anti-wrinkle effect of an ascorbic acid-loaded dissolving microneedle patch via a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study.
Lee C; Yang H; Kim S; Kim M; Kang H; Kim N; An S; Koh J; Jung H · International journal of cosmetic science · 2017
Randomized trial23 participantsflagSkin Health forscienceVitamin C
- Comparative Study on the Outcome of Periorbital Wrinkles Treated with Laser-Assisted Delivery of Vitamin C or Vitamin C Plus Growth Factors: A Randomized, Double-blind, Clinical Trial.
Machado BHB; Frame J; Zhang J; Najlah M · Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2021
Randomized trial149 participantsflagSkin Health forscienceVitamin C
- Randomized trial of topical ascorbic acid in DMSO versus imiquimod for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma.
Burke B; Bailie JE · Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2022
Randomized trial25 participantsflagSkin Health forscienceVitamin C
- Vitamin C improves healing of foot ulcers: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Gunton JE; Girgis CM; Lau T; Vicaretti M; Begg L; Flood V · The British journal of nutrition · 2022
Randomized trial16 participantsflagSkin Health forscienceVitamin C
- Randomized controlled trial using vitamins E and D supplementation in atopic dermatitis.
Javanbakht MH; Keshavarz SA; Djalali M; Siassi F; Eshraghian MR; Firooz A; Seirafi H; Ehsani AH; Chamari M; Mirshafiey A · The Journal of dermatological treatment · 2011
Randomized trial45 participantsflagSkin Health forscienceVitamin E
- Serum vitamin E levels and chronic inflammatory skin diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Liu X; Yang G; Luo M; Lan Q; Shi X; Deng H; Wang N; Xu X; Zhang C · PloS one · 2022
Meta-analysis20 studies pooledflagSkin Health forscienceVitamin E
- Evidence-Based Nutritional Interventions in Wound Care.
Saeg F; Orazi R; Bowers GM; Janis JE · Plastic and reconstructive surgery · 2021
Systematic review2,339 participants36 studies pooledflagSkin Health forscienceVitamin E flagSkin Health forscienceZinc
- Effects of tocotrienol on aging skin: A systematic review.
Ghazali NI; Mohd Rais RZ; Makpol S; Chin KY; Yap WN; Goon JA · Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022
Systematic reviewflagSkin Health forscienceVitamin E
- Carotenoids and carotenoids plus vitamin E protect against ultraviolet light-induced erythema in humans.
Stahl W; Heinrich U; Jungmann H; Sies H; Tronnier H · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2000
Randomized trialflagSkin Health forscienceVitamin E
- Sex-related differences in response to zinc pyrithione shampoo vs. non-anti-dandruff shampoo.
Collins LZ; Baines FL; Matheson JR; Turner GA; Diao Y; Li Y; Pi Y · International journal of cosmetic science · 2019
Meta-analysis2,088 participants20 studies pooledflagSkin Health forscienceZinc
- Maintenance of an Acidic Skin Surface with a Novel Zinc Lactobionate Emollient Preparation Improves Skin Barrier Function in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis.
Andrew PV; Pinnock A; Poyner A; Brown K; Chittock J; Kay LJ; Cork MJ; Danby SG · Dermatology and therapy · 2024
Cohort study23 participantsflagSkin Health forscienceZinc
- Spatial expression of metallothionein, matrix metalloproteinase-1 and Ki-67 in human epidermal wounds treated with zinc and determined by quantitative immunohistochemistry: A randomised double-blind trial.
Ågren MS; Chafranska L; Eriksen JO; Forman JL; Bjerrum MJ; Schjerling P; Larsen HF; Cottarelli E; Jorgensen LN; Gjerdrum LMR · European journal of cell biology · 2021
Randomized trial30 participantsflagSkin Health forscienceZinc
- A pilot trial using topical regular crystalline insulin vs. aqueous zinc solution for uncomplicated cutaneous wound healing: Impact on quality of life.
Attia EA; Belal DM; El Samahy MH; El Hamamsy MH · Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society · 2014
Randomized trial90 participantsflagSkin Health forscienceZinc