Published studies used for the product analysis and the top-ranked studies for each ingredient and goal.
- Efficacy on sleep parameters and tolerability of melatonin in individuals with sleep or mental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Salanitro M; Wrigley T; Ghabra H; de Haan E; Hill CM; Solmi M; Cortese S · Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2022
Meta-analysis1,998 participants34 studies pooledflagSleep Support forscienceMelatonin
- Elderberry for prevention and treatment of viral respiratory illnesses: a systematic review.
Wieland LS; Piechotta V; Feinberg T; Ludeman E; Hutton B; Kanji S; Seely D; Garritty C · BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2021
Systematic review5 studies pooledflagImmunity forscienceEuropean Elder
- Effects of melatonin on postoperative sleep quality: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis.
Tsukinaga A; Mihara T; Takeshima T; Tomita M; Goto T · Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie · 2023
Meta-analysis516 participants8 studies pooledflagSleep Support forscienceMelatonin
- Select Dietary Supplement Ingredients for Preserving and Protecting the Immune System in Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review.
Crawford C; Brown LL; Costello RB; Deuster PA · Nutrients · 2022
Systematic review39 studies pooledflagImmunity forscienceEuropean Elder
- Unintended consequences: college students' melatonin usage, sleep disturbance, and depressive symptoms.
Peltz JS; Rogge R · Sleep and biological rhythms · 2025
Cohort study331 participantsflagSleep Support forscienceMelatonin
- Meta-analysis: melatonin for the treatment of primary sleep disorders.
Ferracioli-Oda E; Qawasmi A; Bloch MH · PloS one · 2013
Meta-analysis1,683 participants19 studies pooledflagSleep Support forscienceMelatonin
- Exogenous melatonin as a treatment for secondary sleep disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Li T; Jiang S; Han M; Yang Z; Lv J; Deng C; Reiter RJ; Yang Y · Frontiers in neuroendocrinology · 2019
Meta-analysis205 participants7 studies pooledflagSleep Support forscienceMelatonin
- Melatonin Treatment for Sleep Disorders in Parkinson's Disease: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review.
Ma H; Yan J; Sun W; Jiang M; Zhang Y · Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022
Meta-analysis7 studies pooledflagSleep Support forscienceMelatonin
- Effects of Melatonin Treatment on Perioperative Sleep Quality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Trial Sequential Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Gao Y; Chen X; Zhou Q; Song J; Zhang X; Sun Y; Yu M; Li Y · Nature and science of sleep · 2022
Meta-analysis725 participants10 studies pooledflagSleep Support forscienceMelatonin
- Melatonin treatment for age-related insomnia.
Zhdanova IV; Wurtman RJ; Regan MM; Taylor JA; Shi JP; Leclair OU · The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2001
Randomized trial30 participantsflagSleep Support forscienceMelatonin
- Efficacy of melatonin with behavioural sleep-wake scheduling for delayed sleep-wake phase disorder: A double-blind, randomised clinical trial.
Sletten TL; Magee M; Murray JM; Gordon CJ; Lovato N; Kennaway DJ; Gwini SM; Bartlett DJ; Lockley SW; Lack LC; Grunstein RR; Rajaratnam SMW; Delayed Sleep on Melatonin (DelSoM) Study Group · PLoS medicine · 2019
Randomized trial116 participantsflagSleep Support forscienceMelatonin
- The Effectiveness of Melatonin for Sleep Disturbances in Parkinson' Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Yousef O; Abouelmagd ME; Khaddam H; Shbani A; Yousef R; Meshref M; Hanafi I · Journal of sleep research · 2026
Meta-analysis409 participants8 studies pooledflagSleep Support forscienceMelatonin
- Black elderberry (Sambucus nigra) supplementation effectively treats upper respiratory symptoms: A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled clinical trials
Jessie Hawkins, Christy Baker, Lindsey Cherry, Erich Dunne · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · 2019
Meta-analysis180 participants4 studies pooledflagImmunity forscienceEuropean Elder
- Elderberry Supplementation Reduces Cold Duration and Symptoms in Air-Travellers: A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.
Tiralongo E; Wee SS; Lea RA · Nutrients · 2016
Randomized trial312 participantsflagImmunity forscienceEuropean Elder
- Randomized study of the efficacy and safety of oral elderberry extract in the treatment of influenza A and B virus infections
Z Zakay-Rones, E Thom, T Wollan, J Wadstein · Journal of International Medical Research · 2004
Randomized trial60 participantsflagImmunity forscienceEuropean Elder
- Exogenous melatonin boosts vaccine-induced immunity in individuals with high pre-existing influenza immunity.
Oda K; Danko J; Villasante E; Bergmann-Leitner E; Lee R; Wijayalath W · Frontiers in immunology · 2025
Randomized trialflagImmunity forscienceMelatonin
- Evaluation of melatonin effectiveness in the adjuvant treatment of ulcerative colitis.
Chojnacki C; Wisniewska-Jarosinska M; Walecka-Kapica E; Klupinska G; Jaworek J; Chojnacki J · Journal of physiology and pharmacology : an official journal of the Polish Physiological Society · 2012
Randomized trial60 participantsflagImmunity forscienceMelatonin
- Pineal-opioid system interactions in the control of immunoinflammatory responses.
Lissoni P; Barni S; Tancini G; Fossati V; Frigerio F · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 1995
Clinical trial130 participantsflagImmunity forscienceMelatonin
- Influenza vaccine response is predicted by chronotype and differentially associated with pre- and post-vaccination sleep.
Harrison EM; Lee RU; Porter CK; Isidean SD; Easterling AP; White L; Boulifard DA; DeTizio K; Liang Z; Sedegah M; Danko J; Glickman GL · Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026
Randomized trialflagImmunity forscienceMelatonin
- Mechanisms and clinical evidence to support melatonin's use in severe COVID-19 patients to lower mortality.
Tan DX; Reiter RJ · Life sciences · 2022
Narrative review19 participantsflagImmunity forscienceMelatonin
- Vitamin C and contribution to the normal function of the immune system: evaluation of a health claim pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006.
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) · EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2026
Guideline / consensusflagImmunity forscienceVitamin C
- Therapeutic effects of high-dose vitamin C supplementation in patients with COVID-19: a meta-analysis.
Sun L; Zhao JH; Fan WY; Feng B; Liu WW; Chen RQ; Ban C; Dang AG; Wang M; Luo KT; Zhou GY; Yu FF; Ba Y · Nutrition reviews · 2024
Meta-analysis2,334 participants14 studies pooledflagImmunity forscienceVitamin C
- Effect of micronutrient supplements on influenza and other respiratory tract infections among adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Abioye AI; Bromage S; Fawzi W · BMJ global health · 2021
Meta-analysisflagImmunity forscienceVitamin C
- New evidence for antioxidant properties of vitamin C.
Vojdani A; Bazargan M; Vojdani E; Wright J · Cancer detection and prevention · 2001
Randomized trial20 participantsflagImmunity forscienceVitamin C
- Enhanced Vitamin C Delivery: A Systematic Literature Review Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of Alternative Supplement Forms in Healthy Adults.
Calder PC; Kreider RB; McKay DL · Nutrients · 2025
Systematic review13 studies pooledflagImmunity forscienceVitamin C
- Nutrient supplementation for prevention of viral respiratory tract infections in healthy subjects: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Vlieg-Boerstra B; de Jong N; Meyer R; Agostoni C; De Cosmi V; Grimshaw K; Milani GP; Muraro A; Oude Elberink H; Pali-Schöll I; Roduit C; Sasaki M; Skypala I; Sokolowska M; van Splunter M; Untersmayr E; Venter C; O'Mahony L; Nwaru BI · Allergy · 2022
Meta-analysis199,055 participants115 studies pooledflagImmunity forscienceZinc
- Zinc supplementation reduces the incidence of acute lower respiratory infections in infants and preschool children: a double-blind, controlled trial.
Sazawal S; Black RE; Jalla S; Mazumdar S; Sinha A; Bhan MK · Pediatrics · 1998
Randomized trial609 participantsflagImmunity forscienceZinc
- A randomized controlled trial of zinc supplementation in the treatment of acute respiratory tract infection in Thai children.
Rerksuppaphol S; Rerksuppaphol L · Pediatric reports · 2020
Randomized trial64 participantsflagImmunity forscienceZinc
- The effect of zinc and vitamin A supplementation on immune response in an older population.
Fortes C; Forastiere F; Agabiti N; Fano V; Pacifici R; Virgili F; Piras G; Guidi L; Bartoloni C; Tricerri A; Zuccaro P; Ebrahim S; Perucci CA · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 1998
Randomized trial136 participantsflagImmunity forscienceZinc
- The role of specific nutrients in preventing immune system and blood cell disorders: an umbrella review.
Vecchietti A; Strano P; Minutolo G; Grieco V; Cappuccio G; Granvillano G; Confalonieri L; Briganti GL; Raso E; Chimienti M; Pellegrini M; Mercogliano M; Spatari G; Lugli C; Urbano T; Lorenzon A · Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene · 2026
Systematic review13 studies pooledflagImmunity forscienceZinc
- Nightly treatment of primary insomnia with prolonged release melatonin for 6 months: a randomized placebo controlled trial on age and endogenous melatonin as predictors of efficacy and safety.
Wade AG; Ford I; Crawford G; McConnachie A; Nir T; Laudon M; Zisapel N · BMC medicine · 2010
Randomized trial791 participantsflagSleep Support forscienceMelatonin
- Effects of exogenous melatonin on sleep: a meta-analysis.
Brzezinski A; Vangel MG; Wurtman RJ; Norrie G; Zhdanova I; Ben-Shushan A; Ford I · Sleep medicine reviews · 2005
Meta-analysis284 participants8 studies pooledflagSleep Support forscienceMelatonin