Highest effect
Coenzyme Q-10
Other
Impact
Highest effect
Typical dose:100–200 mg / day
CoQ10 is a critical component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, directly involved in producing ATP, the body's energy currency. Statin drugs can deplete CoQ10 levels, making supplementation important for mitigating side effects and supporting cardiac energy.
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EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Acid)
Fatty Acid
Impact
Highest effect
Typical dose:1000–2000 mg / day
As a primary component of Omega-3, EPA directly competes with pro-inflammatory arachidonic acid, reducing the production of inflammatory eicosanoids. This reduction in systemic inflammation is crucial for preventing the progression of atherosclerosis.
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Magnesium
Mineral
Impact
Highest effect
Typical dose:200–400 mg / day
Magnesium acts as a natural calcium channel blocker, which helps relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure. It is also a critical cofactor for hundreds of enzymatic reactions, including those that govern cardiac rhythm and endothelial function. Deficiency is common and linked to increased cardiovascular risk.
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Vitamin K
Vitamin
Impact
Highest effect
Typical dose:100–200 mcg / day
The K2 form (specifically MK-7) activates matrix Gla-protein (MGP), the most potent inhibitor of vascular calcification. By ensuring calcium is deposited in bone rather than soft tissues, Vitamin K2 directly contributes to maintaining arterial flexibility and preventing stiffness.
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High effect
Astaxanthin
Other
Impact
High effect
As a potent lipid-soluble antioxidant, astaxanthin integrates into cell membranes, offering superior protection against peroxidation. It has been shown to reduce markers of inflammation and oxidation, lower triglycerides, and improve circulation by enhancing the flexibility of red blood cells.
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Citrulline
Amino Acid
Impact
High effect
Typical dose:3000–6000 mg / day
Unlike Arginine, which is heavily metabolized by the liver, Citrulline bypasses this process and is converted to Arginine in the kidneys, making it a more bioavailable precursor for NO synthesis. This sustained increase in NO improves endothelial function and vasodilation.
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Curcumin
Botanical
Impact
High effect
Typical dose:500–1000 mg / day
Curcumin's primary benefit comes from its ability to down-regulate inflammatory markers like NF-kB and COX-2. It also improves endothelial function, comparable to exercise in some studies. Its effectiveness is highly dependent on using a high-bioavailability form (e.g., with piperine).
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Folate
Vitamin
Impact
High effect
Folate (as 5-MTHF), B6 (as P-5-P), and B12 (as methylcobalamin) are essential cofactors in the one-carbon metabolism pathway that converts the inflammatory amino acid homocysteine back to methionine. High homocysteine levels damage the lining of blood vessels, promote clotting, and accelerate atherosclerosis.
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Green Tea
Botanical
Impact
High effect
The catechins in green tea, particularly EGCG, enhance nitric oxide production, which improves vasodilation and blood flow. They also inhibit LDL oxidation and have mild anti-inflammatory effects, contributing to a comprehensive reduction in atherosclerotic risk factors.
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Taurine
Amino Acid
Impact
High effect
Typical dose:500–2000 mg / day
Taurine helps manage the flow of calcium in and out of cardiac cells, which is critical for proper contractions and rhythm. It also has antioxidant properties and can help improve the heart's ability to pump blood, particularly in individuals with congestive heart failure.
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Vitamin B12
Vitamin
Impact
High effect
B12 (as methylcobalamin) is a direct cofactor for the enzyme methionine synthase, which remethylates homocysteine to methionine. Deficiency is common, particularly in older adults and those on certain medications, and directly leads to elevated homocysteine.
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Vitamin B6
Vitamin
Impact
High effect
Vitamin B6 (in its active P-5-P form) is a crucial cofactor for the enzyme cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS), which converts homocysteine down a different pathway to cysteine. This prevents homocysteine accumulation when the remethylation pathway is insufficient.
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Vitamin D
Vitamin
Impact
High effect
Typical dose:1000–4000 IU / day
Vitamin D deficiency is a well-established risk factor for hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. It plays a role in regulating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which controls blood pressure, and works synergistically with Vitamin K to manage calcium.
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Situational effect
Hawthorn
Botanical
Impact
Situational effect
Typical dose:300–1000 mg / day
Hawthorn contains flavonoids and proanthocyanidins that exert a range of positive effects on the heart. It is particularly effective for improving symptoms of mild to moderate heart failure, such as fatigue and shortness of breath, by enhancing overall cardiac performance.
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L-Carnitine
Other
Impact
Situational effect
Typical dose:1000–2000 mg / day
By improving fatty acid metabolism, L-Carnitine can enhance energy production in the heart, which may be beneficial in conditions like angina or during recovery from a cardiac event. It helps the heart function more efficiently under metabolic stress.
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Niacin
Vitamin
Impact
Situational effect
Niacin (Vitamin B3) inhibits the production of VLDL (a precursor to LDL) in the liver and reduces the breakdown of HDL. While effective for lipid modification, its use is more situational due to the "niacin flush" side effect and studies showing it may not reduce cardiovascular events when added to statin therapy. Best used under medical supervision.
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Potassium
Mineral
Impact
Situational effect
Typical dose:99–300 mg / day
The sodium-to-potassium ratio is a critical determinant of blood pressure. Supplementation can be situationally excellent for individuals with high sodium intake or those on certain diuretics, helping to restore balance and support healthy vascular tone. Caution is advised for those with kidney issues.
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Psyllium fiber
Botanical
Impact
Situational effect
Typical dose:5–10 g / day
When psyllium forms a gel in the gut, it traps cholesterol-rich bile acids, forcing the body to pull cholesterol from the bloodstream to produce more bile. This is a direct and proven mechanism for reducing LDL levels, a key risk factor for heart disease.
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Resveratrol
Botanical
Impact
Situational effect
Typical dose:150–500 mg / day
Resveratrol helps activate sirtuins, proteins associated with longevity and metabolic health. It enhances nitric oxide production and reduces LDL oxidation, both of which are protective for the cardiovascular system, though its clinical impact on hard outcomes is less established than top-tier supplements.
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Selenium
Mineral
Impact
Situational effect
Selenium is an essential trace mineral that is integral to selenoproteins, including glutathione peroxidase (GPx). GPx neutralizes harmful free radicals and lipid peroxides, directly reducing the oxidative burden on the cardiovascular system and helping to prevent the initiation of atherosclerotic plaques.
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Limited evidence
Policosanol
Other
Impact
Limited evidence
Typical dose:5–20 mg / day
While early studies from a single research group suggested significant LDL cholesterol reduction, subsequent higher-quality, independent trials have largely failed to confirm these effects. Its clinical relevance for managing cholesterol is now considered minimal to non-existent by most experts.
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