Product Image

SuperPump Aggression Fruit Punch Fury

Gaspari Nutrition
4.6
★ ★ ★ ★ ★
(222 ratings)
Betaine Anhydrous 2000 mg
Theobromine 200 mg
Citrulline 4000 mg
Tyrosine 1500 mg
Deanol 100 mg
Caffeine 400 mg
Choline 40 mg
Product Image
Score72
Strong, transparent performance doses support hard training, but the stimulant stack is unusually aggressive. Its 400 mg caffeine plus theobromine and rauwolscine limits use to experienced users.
How scoring works
Quantity:450 Gram(s) • (25 servings)
Goals:
Energy
Fitness
Weight Gain
Muscle Gain
Productivity Boost
Mental Focus
Metabolism Boost
Brain Health

Score 72

Strong, transparent performance doses support hard training, but the stimulant stack is unusually aggressive. Its 400 mg caffeine plus theobromine and rauwolscine limits use to experienced users.
How scoring works

Also available as

2 options
Jersey Mobster Italian Ice 18 Gram(s) • 450 Gram(s) • 25 servings $39.99 ($1.59 per serving) Mayhem Mango 18 Gram(s) • 450 Gram(s) • 25 servings $39.99 ($1.59 per serving)
$39.99($1.59 per serving)
iHerb
$ 39.99
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Analysis

The performance base is strong, with 4,000 mg citrulline, 3,200 mg beta-alanine, 2,000 mg betaine, and 1,500 mg each of agmatine and tyrosine. Exact disclosure makes the formula easier to judge than many complex pre-workouts.

Focus and drive support comes from tyrosine, caffeine, theobromine, rauwolscine, DMAE, and club moss extract. Choline contribution is small, and the stacked stimulant profile is much more aggressive than the core workout ingredients require.

Experienced users training early in the day may value the high-energy approach. Caffeine-sensitive users, evening trainees, and people managing blood pressure or anxiety should choose a gentler formula.

Who is it for
  • Experienced pre-workout users
  • Adults training at high intensity
  • Early-day exercisers with high caffeine tolerance
Best for
  • High-stimulant workouts
  • Muscular endurance support
  • Pump and focus coverage

Pros

  • Substantial beta-alanine amount
  • Strong citrulline and betaine doses
  • Clearly disclosed active quantities
  • Includes meaningful tyrosine and agmatine

Cons

  • Extremely high caffeine serving
  • Small choline contribution
  • Complex stimulant combination
  • Poor fit for evening training

Warnings

  • A 400 mg caffeine serving combined with theobromine and rauwolscine may cause anxiety, tremor, rapid heartbeat, higher blood pressure, or severe sleep disruption.
  • Rauwolscine may intensify stimulant effects and is a poor fit for people with cardiovascular concerns or strong anxiety sensitivity.
  • Beta-alanine commonly causes temporary tingling or skin prickling, especially at the full 3,200 mg amount.

Nutrient quality

70 High impact

The performance ingredients are mostly purposeful and meaningfully dosed. The combined caffeine, theobromine, and rauwolscine load is unnecessarily aggressive for general use.

Ingredient transparency

78 High impact

All listed actives and amounts are disclosed without a proprietary blend. Directions and inactive ingredients are still absent from the provided data.

Customer satisfaction

68 High impact

The strong rating has support from a moderate review base. Missing review text prevents assessment of repeated side effects or workout experiences.

Value for money

70 High impact

Substantial core doses support formula value, although the short bottle life weakens serving economics. High stimulant intensity also narrows the number of suitable users.

Report analysis

Goals

Energy
Energy
Impact
Highest effect
A+ Goal FitA+ Strength of SupportA CoverageB Formula Quality
Caffeine · 400 mg

Four grams of citrulline, 1.5 grams of tyrosine, and 400 mg caffeine create strong acute workout energy. The stimulant amount is very high and may cause jitters, anxiety, rapid heartbeat, or sleep disruption.

All principal actives have clear amounts, allowing the intensity to be judged. The stack is potent but lacks a calming partner such as theanine to balance the caffeine.

Study evidence
Caffeine Supportive 68 studies
Citrulline No effect 14 studies
Fitness
Fitness
Impact
Highest effect
A+ Goal FitA Strength of SupportA+ CoverageC+ Formula Quality
Betaine Anhydrous · 2000 mgCitrulline · 4000 mgBeta-Alanine · 3200 mgCaffeine · 400 mg

Citrulline, beta-alanine, betaine, tyrosine, and caffeine directly target blood flow, acid buffering, power output, and focus. The beta-alanine amount is fully aligned with established daily use, while citrulline and betaine are substantial.

The 400 mg caffeine dose is very high and is stacked with theobromine and rauwolscine, increasing the chance of jitters, a racing heartbeat, or sleep disruption. People with cardiovascular conditions or low stimulant tolerance should avoid treating a full serving as routine.

Study evidence
Betaine Anhydrous Mixed 16 studies
Caffeine Supportive 255 studies
Citrulline Supportive 45 studies
Weight Gain
Weight Gain
Impact
Highest effect
A Goal FitA- Strength of SupportA CoverageB Formula Quality
Caffeine · 400 mgBeta-Alanine · 3200 mgCitrulline · 4000 mg

L-citrulline, beta-alanine, betaine anhydrous, caffeine, and tyrosine can increase training output and create a stronger hypertrophy stimulus. The formula supports the training side of lean-mass gain but provides no calories, protein, or creatine.

The combination of 400 mg caffeine, rauwolscine, and theobromine creates a very heavy stimulant load that may cause jitters, rapid heartbeat, blood-pressure effects, or lost sleep. Sleep and appetite disruption could work against muscle gain despite stronger workouts.

Study evidence
Betaine Anhydrous Disputed 13 studies
Caffeine Adverse 11 studies
Citrulline No effect 8 studies
Muscle Gain
Muscle Gain
Impact
Highest effect
A- Goal FitA- Strength of SupportA- CoverageB Formula Quality
Caffeine · 400 mgCitrulline · 4000 mgBeta-Alanine · 3200 mg

Well-dosed beta-alanine, citrulline, betaine, and tyrosine may support training volume, power, blood flow, and focus. Transparent amounts make the formula easy to assess for hypertrophy-focused sessions.

The serving contains four hundred milligrams of caffeine, which is a high stimulant load and may disrupt sleep or recovery when taken late. Users sensitive to caffeine may also experience jitteriness or a rapid heartbeat.

Study evidence
Betaine Anhydrous Supportive 7 studies
Caffeine Supportive 31 studies
Citrulline Supportive 15 studies
Productivity Boost
Productivity Boost
Impact
High effect
A- Goal FitB+ Strength of SupportB CoverageC Formula Quality
Caffeine · 400 mg

Caffeine and a substantial tyrosine dose provide strong acute alertness and neurotransmitter-precursor support. The formula is likely to feel powerful, but it is designed for aggressive workout stimulation rather than balanced desk productivity.

The caffeine amount is extremely high and is combined with rauwolscine and theobromine without a calming counterbalance. That stimulant load may cause jitters, rapid heartbeat, blood-pressure effects, anxiety, or sleep disruption, especially in sensitive users.

Study evidence
Caffeine Supportive 108 studies
Mental Focus
Mental Focus
Impact
High effect
A Goal FitA- Strength of SupportC+ CoverageC Formula Quality
Choline · 100 mgCaffeine · 400 mg

Caffeine and tyrosine provide a strong acute alertness and performance signal, making the pre-workout highly relevant to short-term focus. The very high stimulant load is more aggressive than necessary and lacks L-theanine or another balancing ingredient.

Exact amounts are disclosed for the main actives, but the small choline amount adds little cognitive support. Four hundred milligrams of caffeine combined with theobromine and rauwolscine may cause jitters, insomnia, anxiety, rapid heartbeat, or blood-pressure effects, especially in stimulant-sensitive users.

Study evidence
Caffeine Supportive 128 studies
Choline Supportive 22 studies

Ingredients

IngredientAmount per serving
Choline
40 mg
L-Citrulline
4000 mg
Beta Alanine
3200 mg
Betaine Anhydrous
2000 mg
Agmatine Sulfate
1500 mg
L-Tyrosine
1500 mg
Caffeine Anhydrous
400 mg
N-Palmitoylethanolamide
300 mg
Theobromine
200 mg
Choline Bitartrate
100 mg
Dimethylaminoethanol Bitartrate
100 mg
Bioperine (Black Pepper Extract)
 5 mg
Rauwolfia vomitoria Whole Herb Extract (Rauwolscine)
 3 mg
Club Moss Extract (Huperzia serrata Extract)
 2 mg
Adults 18–50 Women
Report overview
Betaine Anhydrous · 2000 mg OverallScore89
A+ Active Ingredient Quality & BioavailabilityA- Dose, Safety & Label TransparencyB Value

The 2,000 mg betaine anhydrous dose supports performance use, although it remains below the full-dose threshold. The exact active amount is easy to verify and the cost is reasonable for that dose. The combination of 400 mg caffeine and 3 mg rauwolscine creates a heavy stimulant load that may cause jitters, a faster heart rate, or lost sleep.

View ingredientView products
Theobromine · 200 mg OverallScore88
A Active Ingredient Quality & BioavailabilityA+ Dose, Safety & Label TransparencyC Value

The standalone theobromine amount is clearly disclosed and falls in the effective range. The heavily dosed pre-workout stack adds value beyond theobromine, although the flavored powder's excipients are not provided. Combining 200 mg of theobromine with 400 mg of caffeine and 3 mg of rauwolscine may increase jitteriness, nausea, headache, or cardiovascular strain.

View ingredientView products
Citrulline · 4000 mg OverallScore76
B- Active Ingredient Quality & BioavailabilityA+ Dose, Safety & Label TransparencyD- Value

Pure L-citrulline is clearly disclosed at an amount that fits the effective performance range. The source and purity standards are not identified, and the multi-ingredient formula does not provide evidence of special ingredient quality. Value is only moderate for the active amount, while the high caffeine dose and rauwolscine may cause overstimulation, sleep disruption, or increased heart rate in sensitive users.

View ingredientView products
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<p>The fully disclosed pre-workout has useful amounts of beta-alanine, betaine, tyrosine, agmatine, and citrulline. Its combination of ingredient alignment and serving value compares favorably with the original for choline, caffeine, betaine anhydrous.</p>
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Sources

Published studies used for the product analysis and the top-ranked studies for each ingredient and goal.

  1. Caffeine administration at night during extended wakefulness effectively mitigates performance impairment but not subjective assessments of fatigue and sleepiness.
    Paech GM; Banks S; Pajcin M; Grant C; Johnson K; Kamimori GH; Vedova CB · Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2017
    Randomized trial24 participantsEnergy forCaffeine
  2. Differential cognitive effects of energy drink ingredients: caffeine, taurine, and glucose.
    Giles GE; Mahoney CR; Brunyé TT; Gardony AL; Taylor HA; Kanarek RB · Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2013
    Randomized trial48 participantsEnergy forCaffeine
  3. Effect of Caffeine on Golf Performance and Fatigue during a Competitive Tournament.
    Mumford PW; Tribby AC; Poole CN; Dalbo VJ; Scanlan AT; Moon JR; Roberts MD; Young KC · Medicine and science in sports and exercise · 2016
    Randomized trial12 participantsEnergy forCaffeine
  4. No effects of caffeine on cycling to exhaustion and perceptual responses in non-caffeine-restricted subjects.
    Weippert M; Behrens M; Schlegel M; Schröder T; Tillmann M; Rühe N; Römer R; Mau-Möller A; Bruhn S · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2025
    Randomized trial56 participantsEnergy forCaffeine
  5. A critical review of caffeine withdrawal: empirical validation of symptoms and signs, incidence, severity, and associated features.
    Juliano LM; Griffiths RR · Psychopharmacology · 2005
    Systematic review66 studies pooledEnergy forCaffeine
  6. Effects of chronic betaine supplementation on performance in professional young soccer players during a competitive season: a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
    Nobari H; Cholewa JM; Castillo-Rodríguez A; Kargarfard M; Pérez-Gómez J · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2021
    Randomized trial29 participantsFitness forBetaine Anhydrous
  7. Betaine supplementation improves CrossFit performance and increases testosterone levels, but has no influence on Wingate power: randomized crossover trial.
    Zawieja E; Durkalec-Michalski K; Sadowski M; Główka N; Chmurzynska A · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2023
    Randomized trial43 participantsFitness forBetaine Anhydrous
  8. Effects of Betaine Supplementation on Muscle Strength and Power: A Systematic Review.
    Ismaeel A · Journal of strength and conditioning research · 2018
    Systematic review7 studies pooledFitness forBetaine Anhydrous
  9. Creatine but not betaine supplementation increases muscle phosphorylcreatine content and strength performance.
    del Favero S; Roschel H; Artioli G; Ugrinowitsch C; Tricoli V; Costa A; Barroso R; Negrelli AL; Otaduy MC; da Costa Leite C; Lancha-Junior AH; Gualano B · Amino acids · 2012
    Randomized trialFitness forBetaine Anhydrous
  10. The Effects of Combined Exercise with Citrulline Supplementation on Body Composition and Lower Limb Function of Overweight Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
    Xie S; Li S; Shaharudin S · Journal of sports science & medicine · 2023
    Meta-analysis303 participants7 studies pooledFitness forCitrulline
  11. Acute Effects of Citrulline Supplementation on High-Intensity Strength and Power Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
    Trexler ET; Persky AM; Ryan ED; Schwartz TA; Stoner L; Smith-Ryan AE · Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2020
    Meta-analysis198 participants12 studies pooledFitness forCitrulline
  12. Effects of Acute Citrulline Malate Supplementation on CrossFit® Exercise Performance: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Cross-Over Study.
    Devrim-Lanpir A; Ihász F; Demcsik M; Horváth AC; Góczán P; Czepek P; Takács J; Kimble R; Zare R; Gunes FE; Knechtle B; Weiss K; Rosemann T; Heinrich KM · Nutrients · 2024
    Randomized trial21 participantsFitness forCitrulline
  13. The effect of l-citrulline and watermelon juice supplementation on anaerobic and aerobic exercise performance.
    Cutrufello PT; Gadomski SJ; Zavorsky GS · Journal of sports sciences · 2016
    Randomized trial22 participantsFitness forCitrulline
  14. Neurocognitive effects of acute choline supplementation in low, medium and high performer healthy volunteers.
    Knott V; de la Salle S; Choueiry J; Impey D; Smith D; Smith M; Beaudry E; Saghir S; Ilivitsky V; Labelle A · Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2016
    Randomized trial24 participantsMental Focus forCholine
  15. The relation of dietary choline to cognitive performance and white-matter hyperintensity in the Framingham Offspring Cohort.
    Poly C; Massaro JM; Seshadri S; Wolf PA; Cho E; Krall E; Jacques PF; Au R · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2012
    Cohort study1,391 participantsMental Focus forCholine
  16. Cytidinediphosphocholine (CDP-choline) for cognitive and behavioural disturbances associated with chronic cerebral disorders in the elderly.
    Fioravanti M; Yanagi M · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2005
    Meta-analysis14 studies pooledMental Focus forCholine
  17. Associations between maternal folate status and choline intake during pregnancy and neurodevelopment at 3-4 years of age in the Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition (APrON) study.
    Irvine N; England-Mason G; Field CJ; Letourneau N; Bell RC; Giesbrecht GF; Kinniburgh DW; MacDonald AM; Martin JW; Dewey D; APrON Study Team · Journal of developmental origins of health and disease · 2023
    Cohort study309 participantsMental Focus forCholine
  18. Acute effects of caffeine on attention: a comparison of non-consumers and withdrawn consumers.
    Smith AP; Christopher G; Sutherland D · Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2013
    Randomized trial70 participantsMental Focus forCaffeine
  19. Effects of modafinil and caffeine on night-time vigilance of air force crewmembers: A randomized controlled trial.
    Wingelaar-Jagt YQ; Bottenheft C; Riedel WJ; Ramaekers JG · Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2023
    Randomized trial32 participantsMental Focus forCaffeine
  20. Using coffee to compensate for poor sleep: Impact on vigilance and implications for workplace performance.
    Anderson JR; Hagerdorn PL; Gunstad J; Spitznagel MB · Applied ergonomics · 2018
    Randomized trial69 participantsMental Focus forCaffeine
  21. Caffeine and attentional control: improved and impaired performance in healthy older adults and Parkinson's disease according to task demands.
    Sharma K; Fallon SJ; Davis T; Ankrett S; Munro G; Christopher G; Coulthard E · Psychopharmacology · 2022
    Randomized trial68 participantsMental Focus forCaffeine
  22. Caffeinated Coffee and Tea Consumption, Genetic Variation and Cognitive Function in the UK Biobank.
    Cornelis MC; Weintraub S; Morris MC · The Journal of nutrition · 2020
    Cross-sectional study445,786 participantsMental Focus forCaffeine
  23. Effect of cocoa and theobromine consumption on serum HDL-cholesterol concentrations: a randomized controlled trial.
    Neufingerl N; Zebregs YE; Schuring EA; Trautwein EA · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2013
    Randomized trial152 participantsCardiovascular Support forTheobromine
  24. The Effect of Theobromine Supplementation on HDL-c Subclasses (HDL-c2, HDL-c3), HDL-c2/HDL-c3 Ratio, and Gene Expression of PPAR-α and Sirt1 in Subjects With Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.
    Sharifi-Zahabi E; Dastafkan Z; Asadi A; Hosseini-Baharanchi FS; Rezvani N; Yari S; Shidfar F · Food science & nutrition · 2025
    Randomized trial80 participantsCardiovascular Support forTheobromine
  25. Relationships between consumption of theobromine in cocoa products and cardiovascular risk factors in 2015-2020 National health and nutrition examination survey.
    Ponsuporn W; Naumovski N; McKune AJ; Khemacheewakul J; Leksawasdi N; Rachtanapun P; Taesuwan S · European journal of nutrition · 2026
    Cross-sectional study8,531 participantsCardiovascular Support forTheobromine
  26. The acute effects on duodenal gene expression in healthy men following consumption of a low-fat meal enriched with theobromine or fat.
    Smolders L; Mensink RP; Boekschoten MV; de Ridder RJJ; Plat J · Scientific reports · 2018
    Randomized trial8 participantsCardiovascular Support forTheobromine
  27. Combined L-carnosine and L-tyrosine supplementation as an ergogenic strategy for physical and cognitive performance under fatigue in professional football players.
    Bilgin S; Bozyılan E; Buzdağlı Y; Karaç Öcal Y; Gürkan O; Toktaş S; İnan H; Egil İ; Yarayan YE · Frontiers in nutrition · 2026
    Randomized trial24 participantsBrain Health forTyrosine
  28. Effect of tyrosine supplementation on clinical and healthy populations under stress or cognitive demands--A review.
    Jongkees BJ; Hommel B; Kühn S; Colzato LS · Journal of psychiatric research · 2016
    Narrative reviewBrain Health forTyrosine
  29. Influence of nutritional tyrosine on cognition and functional connectivity in healthy old humans.
    Hensel C; Becker M; Düzel S; Demuth I; Norman K; Steinhagen-Thiessen E; Gallinat J; Lindenberger U; Kühn S · NeuroImage · 2019
    Cross-sectional study286 participantsBrain Health forTyrosine
  30. Dietary Tyrosine Intake (FFQ) Is Associated with Locus Coeruleus, Attention and Grey Matter Maintenance: An MRI Structural Study on 398 Healthy Individuals of the Berlin Aging Study-II.
    Plini ERG; Melnychuk MC; Harkin A; Dahl MJ; McAuslan M; Kühn S; Boyle RT; Whelan R; Andrews R; Düzel S; Drewelies J; Wagner GG; Lindenberger U; Norman K; Robertson IH; Dockree PM · The journal of nutrition, health & aging · 2023
    Cross-sectional study398 participantsBrain Health forTyrosine
  31. Baseline-dependent effect of dopamine's precursor L-tyrosine on working memory gating but not updating.
    Jongkees BJ · Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2021
    Randomized trial45 participantsBrain Health forTyrosine
  32. Does l-citrulline supplementation and watermelon intake reduce blood pressure in middle-aged and older adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
    Luo P; Chen J; Liu K; Zhang J · Clinical nutrition ESPEN · 2025
    Meta-analysis415 participants15 studies pooledCardiovascular Support forCitrulline
  33. Micronutrient Supplementation to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk.
    An P; Wan S; Luo Y; Luo J; Zhang X; Zhou S; Xu T; He J; Mechanick JI; Wu WC; Ren F; Liu S · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 2022
    Meta-analysis883,627 participants884 studies pooledCardiovascular Support forCitrulline
  34. l-Citrulline supplementation improves O2 uptake kinetics and high-intensity exercise performance in humans.
    Bailey SJ; Blackwell JR; Lord T; Vanhatalo A; Winyard PG; Jones AM · Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2016
    Randomized trial10 participantsCardiovascular Support forCitrulline
  35. Effects of L-Citrulline Supplementation on Endothelial Function and Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Postmenopausal Women.
    Maharaj A; Fischer SM; Dillon KN; Kang Y; Martinez MA; Figueroa A · Nutrients · 2022
    Randomized trial25 participantsCardiovascular Support Heart Health forCitrulline
  36. Short-term effects of L-citrulline supplementation on arterial stiffness in middle-aged men.
    Ochiai M; Hayashi T; Morita M; Ina K; Maeda M; Watanabe F; Morishita K · International journal of cardiology · 2012
    Randomized trial15 participantsCardiovascular Support forCitrulline
  37. Theobromine supplementation in combination with a low-calorie diet improves cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese subjects with metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.
    Sharifi-Zahabi E; Rezvani N; Hajizadeh-Sharafabad F; Hosseini-Baharanchi FS; Shidfar F; Rahimi M · Food & function · 2023
    Randomized trial80 participantsCardiovascular Support forTheobromine
  38. Cognitive and mood improvements of caffeine in habitual consumers and habitual non-consumers of caffeine.
    Haskell CF; Kennedy DO; Wesnes KA; Scholey AB · Psychopharmacology · 2005
    Randomized trial48 participantsEnergy forCaffeine
  39. Caffeine-containing energy drink improves physical performance of elite rugby players during a simulated match.
    Del Coso J; Ramírez JA; Muñoz G; Portillo J; Gonzalez-Millán C; Muñoz V; Barbero-Álvarez JC; Muñoz-Guerra J · Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme · 2016
    Randomized trial26 participantsEnergy forCaffeine
  40. Does Single or Combined Caffeine and Taurine Supplementation Improve Athletic and Cognitive Performance without Affecting Fatigue Level in Elite Boxers? A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.
    Ozan M; Buzdagli Y; Eyipinar CD; Baygutalp NK; Yüce N; Oget F; Kan E; Baygutalp F · Nutrients · 2022
    Randomized trial20 participantsEnergy forCaffeine
  41. Trait Energy and Fatigue Modify the Effects of Caffeine on Mood, Cognitive and Fine-Motor Task Performance: A Post-Hoc Study.
    Fuller DT; Smith ML; Boolani A · Nutrients · 2021
    Randomized trialEnergy forCaffeine
  42. Acute Effect of Citrulline Malate on Repetition Performance During Strength Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
    Vårvik FT; Bjørnsen T; Gonzalez AM · International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism · 2021
    Meta-analysis137 participants8 studies pooledEnergy forCitrulline
  43. Oral L-citrulline supplementation enhances cycling time trial performance in healthy trained men: Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled 2-way crossover study.
    Suzuki T; Morita M; Kobayashi Y; Kamimura A · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2016
    Randomized trial22 participantsEnergy forCitrulline
  44. Citrulline malate enhances athletic anaerobic performance and relieves muscle soreness.
    Pérez-Guisado J; Jakeman PM · Journal of strength and conditioning research · 2010
    Randomized trial41 participantsEnergy forCitrulline
  45. Citrulline/malate promotes aerobic energy production in human exercising muscle.
    Bendahan D; Mattei JP; Ghattas B; Confort-Gouny S; Le Guern ME; Cozzone PJ · British journal of sports medicine · 2002
    Single-arm trial18 participantsEnergy forCitrulline
  46. The Effect of Citrulline Malate Supplementation on Muscle Fatigue Among Healthy Participants.
    Farney TM; Bliss MV; Hearon CM; Salazar DA · Journal of strength and conditioning research · 2019
    Randomized trial12 participantsEnergy forCitrulline
  47. Effects of short-term betaine supplementation on muscle endurance and indices of endocrine function following acute high-intensity resistance exercise in young athletes.
    Arazi H; Aboutalebi S; Taati B; Cholewa JM; Candow DG · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2022
    Randomized trial10 participantsFitness forBetaine Anhydrous
  48. Effects of Nutrition Interventions on Athletic Performance in Soccer Players: A Systematic Review.
    Aguinaga-Ontoso I; Guillen-Aguinaga S; Guillen-Aguinaga L; Alas-Brun R; Guillen-Grima F · Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023
    Systematic review310 participants16 studies pooledFitness forBetaine Anhydrous
  49. Effect of caffeine ingestion on cycling performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
    Wu J; Xu K; Yin M; Ding X; Wang T; Zhang Q; Wu X; Xiao N · Frontiers in nutrition · 2026
    Meta-analysis226 participants20 studies pooledFitness forCaffeine
  50. Effects of Caffeine Intake on Endurance Running Performance and Time to Exhaustion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
    Wang Z; Qiu B; Gao J; Del Coso J · Nutrients · 2023
    Meta-analysis254 participants21 studies pooledFitness forCaffeine
  51. Acute Effects of Caffeine Supplementation on Movement Velocity in Resistance Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
    Raya-González J; Rendo-Urteaga T; Domínguez R; Castillo D; Rodríguez-Fernández A; Grgic J · Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2021
    Meta-analysis12 studies pooledFitness forCaffeine
  52. Sex Differences in the Ergogenic Response of Acute Caffeine Intake on Muscular Strength, Power and Endurance Performance in Resistance-Trained Individuals: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
    Montalvo-Alonso JJ; Ferragut C; Del Val-Manzano M; Valadés D; Roberts J; Pérez-López A · Nutrients · 2024
    Randomized trial76 participantsFitness forCaffeine
  53. Can I Have My Coffee and Drink It? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis to Determine Whether Habitual Caffeine Consumption Affects the Ergogenic Effect of Caffeine.
    Carvalho A; Marticorena FM; Grecco BH; Barreto G; Saunders B · Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2022
    Meta-analysis60 studies pooledFitness forCaffeine
  54. Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training Combined with L-Citrulline Supplementation on Functional Capacities and Muscle Function in Dynapenic-Obese Older Adults.
    Buckinx F; Gouspillou G; Carvalho LP; Marcangeli V; El Hajj Boutros G; Dulac M; Noirez P; Morais JA; Gaudreau P; Aubertin-Leheudre M · Journal of clinical medicine · 2020
    Randomized trial56 participantsFitness Muscle Gain forCitrulline
  55. Initial Dietary Protein Intake Influence Muscle Function Adaptations in Older Men and Women Following High-Intensity Interval Training Combined with Citrulline.
    Buckinx F; Marcangeli V; Pinheiro Carvalho L; Dulac M; Hajj Boutros G; Gouspillou G; Gaudreau P; Morais J; Noirez P; Aubertin-Leheudre M · Nutrients · 2020
    Randomized trial73 participantsFitness forCitrulline
  56. Effects of Citrulline alone or combined with exercise on muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance among older adults: a systematic review.
    Aubertin-Leheudre M; Buckinx F · Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care · 2021
    Systematic review250 participants6 studies pooledFitness Muscle Gain forCitrulline
  57. Combined Vs. Single Supplementation of L-Citrulline and Sodium Bicarbonate During Sprint Interval Training in Basketball Players: Effects on Physical Performance and Hormonal Adaptations.
    Wang Y; Wang Y; Qian K · Journal of sports science & medicine · 2025
    Randomized trial40 participantsFitness forCitrulline
  58. Effect of oral L-citrulline on brachial and aortic blood pressure defined by resting status: evidence from randomized controlled trials.
    Yang HH; Li XL; Zhang WG; Figueroa A; Chen LH; Qin LQ · Nutrition & metabolism · 2022
    Meta-analysis8 studies pooledHeart Health forCitrulline
  59. Impact of L-Citrulline Supplementation and HIIT on Lipid Profile, Arterial Stiffness, and Fat Mass in Obese Adolescents with Metabolic-Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
    Rodríguez-Carrillo AA; Espinoza-Vargas MR; Vargas-Ortiz K; Ibarra-Reynoso LDR; Olvera-Juárez M; Gómez-Ojeda A; Garay-Sevilla ME; Figueroa A · Nutrients · 2025
    Randomized trial44 participantsHeart Health forCitrulline
  60. Vascular effects of l-citrulline supplementation in healthy adults are largely influenced by the prehypertensive range of blood pressure: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study.
    Nogimura D; Nagaoka K; Ogino K; Ogino N; Moriyasu K; Morita M · Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.) · 2026
    Randomized trial66 participantsHeart Health forCitrulline
  61. The Assessment of short-term effect of L-Citrulline on endothelial function via FMD to NMD ratio in known CAD patients: A randomized, cross-over clinical trial (Clinical trial number: NCT02638727).
    Safi M; Mahjoob MP; Nateghi S; Khaheshi I; Akbarzadeh MA; Naderian M · Romanian journal of internal medicine = Revue roumaine de medecine interne · 2017
    Randomized trial30 participantsHeart Health forCitrulline
  62. Performance and alertness effects of caffeine, dextroamphetamine, and modafinil during sleep deprivation.
    Wesensten NJ; Killgore WD; Balkin TJ · Journal of sleep research · 2006
    Randomized trial48 participantsMental Focus forCaffeine
  63. Effects of caffeine on mood and performance: a study of realistic consumption.
    Brice CF; Smith AP · Psychopharmacology · 2003
    Clinical trial24 participantsMental Focus forCaffeine
  64. Effects of caffeine or diphenhydramine on visual vigilance.
    Fine BJ; Kobrick JL; Lieberman HR; Marlowe B; Riley RH; Tharion WJ · Psychopharmacology · 1995
    Randomized trial24 participantsMental Focus forCaffeine
  65. Four-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial of choline for neurodevelopment in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder.
    Wozniak JR; Fink BA; Fuglestad AJ; Eckerle JK; Boys CJ; Sandness KE; Radke JP; Miller NC; Lindgren C; Brearley AM; Zeisel SH; Georgieff MK · Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders · 2021
    Randomized trial31 participantsMental Focus forCholine
  66. Association between Maternal Choline, Fetal Brain Development, and Child Neurocognition: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Human Studies.
    Obeid R; Derbyshire E; Schön C · Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2022
    Meta-analysis30 studies pooledMental Focus forCholine
  67. Effect of Choline Supplementation on Neurological, Cognitive, and Behavioral Outcomes in Offspring Arising from Alcohol Exposure During Development: A Quantitative Systematic Review of Clinical and Preclinical Studies.
    Akison LK; Kuo J; Reid N; Boyd RN; Moritz KM · Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research · 2019
    Systematic reviewMental Focus forCholine
  68. Perinatal choline effects on neonatal pathophysiology related to later schizophrenia risk.
    Ross RG; Hunter SK; McCarthy L; Beuler J; Hutchison AK; Wagner BD; Leonard S; Stevens KE; Freedman R · The American journal of psychiatry · 2013
    Randomized trialMental Focus forCholine
  69. A Randomized Study to Examine the Ability of a Caffeine-Based Energy Drink to Impact Energy Expenditure, Fat Oxidation, and Cognitive Performance.
    Krieger J; Schrautemeier A; Hagele A; Gaige C; Mennemeyer O; Tolbert S; Iannotti J; Kerksick C; Noonan C; Mumford P · Nutrients · 2025
    Randomized trial60 participantsMetabolism Boost forCaffeine
  70. Oolong tea increases metabolic rate and fat oxidation in men.
    Rumpler W; Seale J; Clevidence B; Judd J; Wiley E; Yamamoto S; Komatsu T; Sawaki T; Ishikura Y; Hosoda K · The Journal of nutrition · 2001
    Randomized trial12 participantsMetabolism Boost forCaffeine
  71. Effect of caffeine intake on fat oxidation rate during exercise: is there a dose-response effect?
    Gutiérrez-Hellín J; Aguilar-Navarro M; Ruiz-Moreno C; Muñoz A; Varillas-Delgado D; Amaro-Gahete FJ; Del Coso J · European journal of nutrition · 2023
    Randomized trial18 participantsMetabolism Boost forCaffeine
  72. Comparison of changes in energy expenditure and body temperatures after caffeine consumption.
    Koot P; Deurenberg P · Annals of nutrition & metabolism · 1995
    Randomized trial12 participantsMetabolism Boost forCaffeine
  73. Caffeine Increases Work Done above Critical Power, but Not Anaerobic Work.
    Silveira R; Andrade-Souza VA; Arcoverde L; Tomazini F; Sansonio A; Bishop DJ; Bertuzzi R; Lima-Silva AE · Medicine and science in sports and exercise · 2018
    Randomized trial9 participantsMetabolism Boost forCaffeine
  74. Serum betaine is inversely associated with low lean mass mainly in men in a Chinese middle-aged and elderly community-dwelling population.
    Huang BX; Zhu YY; Tan XY; Lan QY; Li CL; Chen YM; Zhu HL · The British journal of nutrition · 2017
    Cohort study1,996 participantsMuscle Gain Weight Gain forBetaine Anhydrous
  75. Dietary betaine intake is associated with skeletal muscle mass change over 3 years in middle-aged adults: the Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Study.
    Long JA; Zhong RH; Chen S; Wang F; Luo Y; Lu XT; Yishake D; Chen YM; Fang AP; Zhu HL · The British journal of nutrition · 2021
    Cohort study1,242 participantsMuscle Gain Weight Gain forBetaine Anhydrous
  76. Higher serum choline and betaine levels are associated with better body composition in male but not female population.
    Gao X; Randell E; Zhou H; Sun G · PloS one · 2018
    Cross-sectional study1,081 participantsMuscle Gain forBetaine Anhydrous
  77. Betaine supplementation enhances anabolic endocrine and Akt signaling in response to acute bouts of exercise.
    Apicella JM; Lee EC; Bailey BL; Saenz C; Anderson JM; Craig SA; Kraemer WJ; Volek JS; Maresh CM · European journal of applied physiology · 2013
    Randomized trial12 participantsMuscle Gain forBetaine Anhydrous
  78. Ergogenic effects of betaine supplementation on strength and power performance.
    Lee EC; Maresh CM; Kraemer WJ; Yamamoto LM; Hatfield DL; Bailey BL; Armstrong LE; Volek JS; McDermott BP; Craig SA · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2011
    Randomized trial12 participantsMuscle Gain forBetaine Anhydrous
  79. Effects of Acute Ingestion of Caffeine Capsules on Muscle Strength and Muscle Endurance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
    Wu W; Chen Z; Zhou H; Wang L; Li X; Lv Y; Sun T; Yu L · Nutrients · 2024
    Meta-analysis14 studies pooledMuscle Gain forCaffeine
  80. Acute caffeine intake improves muscular strength, power, and endurance performance, reversing the time-of-day effect regardless of muscle activation level in resistance-trained males: a randomized controlled trial.
    Montalvo-Alonso JJ; Del Val-Manzano M; Cerezo-Telléz E; Ferragut C; Valadés D; Rodríguez-Falces J; Pérez-López A · European journal of applied physiology · 2025
    Randomized trial13 participantsMuscle Gain forCaffeine
  81. Wake up and smell the coffee: caffeine supplementation and exercise performance-an umbrella review of 21 published meta-analyses.
    Grgic J; Grgic I; Pickering C; Schoenfeld BJ; Bishop DJ; Pedisic Z · British journal of sports medicine · 2020
    Systematic review21 studies pooledMuscle Gain forCaffeine
  82. Effects of caffeine intake on muscle strength and power: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
    Grgic J; Trexler ET; Lazinica B; Pedisic Z · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2018
    Meta-analysis20 studies pooledMuscle Gain forCaffeine
  83. Caffeine increases strength and power performance in resistance-trained females during early follicular phase.
    Norum M; Risvang LC; Bjørnsen T; Dimitriou L; Rønning PO; Bjørgen M; Raastad T · Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports · 2021
    Randomized trial15 participantsMuscle Gain forCaffeine
  84. Impact of L-citrulline supplementation and whole-body vibration training on arterial stiffness and leg muscle function in obese postmenopausal women with high blood pressure.
    Figueroa A; Alvarez-Alvarado S; Ormsbee MJ; Madzima TA; Campbell JC; Wong A · Experimental gerontology · 2015
    Randomized trial41 participantsMuscle Gain forCitrulline
  85. Citrulline Supplementation Improves Microvascular Function and Muscle Strength in Middle-Aged and Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes.
    Figueroa A; Dillon KN; Levitt DE; Kang Y · Nutrients · 2025
    Randomized trial16 participantsMuscle Gain forCitrulline
  86. Citrulline stimulates muscle protein synthesis in the post-absorptive state in healthy people fed a low-protein diet - A pilot study.
    Jourdan M; Nair KS; Carter RE; Schimke J; Ford GC; Marc J; Aussel C; Cynober L · Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2016
    Randomized trial8 participantsMuscle Gain forCitrulline
  87. Effects of caffeine on alertness.
    Zwyghuizen-Doorenbos A; Roehrs TA; Lipschutz L; Timms V; Roth T · Psychopharmacology · 1990
    Randomized trial24 participantsProductivity Boost forCaffeine
  88. Effects of Different Sources of Low-Dose Caffeine on Mood/Arousal and Cognitive Performance.
    Irwin C; McCartney D; Grant G; Delang N; Bartrim K; Cox GR; Desbrow B · Perceptual and motor skills · 2023
    Randomized trial22 participantsProductivity Boost forCaffeine
  89. Effects of caffeine, sleep loss, and stress on cognitive performance and mood during U.S. Navy SEAL training. Sea-Air-Land.
    Lieberman HR; Tharion WJ; Shukitt-Hale B; Speckman KL; Tulley R · Psychopharmacology · 2003
    Randomized trial68 participantsProductivity Boost forCaffeine
  90. A review of caffeine's effects on cognitive, physical and occupational performance.
    McLellan TM; Caldwell JA; Lieberman HR · Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2017
    Narrative reviewProductivity Boost forCaffeine
  91. Acute caffeine supplementation as a nutrition-based strategy to mitigate sleep-loss-related cognitive and operational performance impairments in military personnel: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
    Wang R; Wang W; Meng L; Hao G; Gu G · Frontiers in nutrition · 2026
    Meta-analysis7 studies pooledProductivity Boost forCaffeine
  92. Effects of betaine on body composition, performance, and homocysteine thiolactone.
    Cholewa JM; Wyszczelska-Rokiel M; Glowacki R; Jakubowski H; Matthews T; Wood R; Craig SA; Paolone V · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2013
    Randomized trial23 participantsWeight Gain forBetaine Anhydrous
  93. Maternal Betaine and Methylation Potential during Pregnancy Are Associated with Child Growth at Birth and Early Childhood: Results of the Chilean Maternal & Infant Cohort Study-II.
    Trujillo-González I; Barisione G; Bottiglieri T; Reyes M; Garmendia ML; Mujica-Coopman MF · The Journal of nutrition · 2026
    Cohort study150 participantsWeight Gain forBetaine Anhydrous
  94. Effects of Betaine Supplementation on Markers of Metabolic Flexibility, Body Composition, and Anaerobic Performance in Active College-Age Females.
    Waldman HS; Bryant AR; McAllister MJ · Journal of dietary supplements · 2023
    Randomized trial23 participantsWeight Gain forBetaine Anhydrous
  95. Association between coffee intake and skeletal muscle mass among U.S. adults: a population-based study.
    Yin H; Zhu W; Guo L; Li W; Liang M · Frontiers in nutrition · 2024
    Cross-sectional study8,333 participantsWeight Gain forCaffeine
  96. Use of caffeine in 19,660 randomly selected U.S. adults: the role of overweight and obesity.
    Tucker LA; Beltran F · Frontiers in nutrition · 2025
    Cross-sectional study19,660 participantsWeight Gain forCaffeine
  97. Dietary caffeine intake is associated with favorable metabolic profile among apparently healthy overweight and obese individuals.
    Alshahrani SH; Atia YA; Badir RA; Almalki SG; Tayyib NA; Shahab S; Romero-Parra RM; Abid MK; Hussien BM; Ramaiah P · BMC endocrine disorders · 2023
    Cross-sectional study488 participantsWeight Gain forCaffeine
  98. Exploring parental prenatal influences on child health: A multicohort study and data visualisation tool.
    Sharp GC; Lawlor DA; Easey KE; Kundu S; Elhakeem A; Hone E; McEachan RRC; Magnus MC; Havdahl A; Relton CL · PLoS medicine · 2026
    Cohort study232,139 participantsWeight Gain forCaffeine
  99. Weight gain in older adolescent females: the internet, sleep, coffee, and alcohol.
    Berkey CS; Rockett HR; Colditz GA · The Journal of pediatrics · 2008
    Cohort study5,000 participantsWeight Gain forCaffeine
  100. Effects of Citrulline Supplementation on Body Weight in Patients With Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery.
    Yang JA; Lee KE; Park JH; Yee J; Kim JY; Gwak HS · Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · 2020
    Cohort study138 participantsWeight Gain forCitrulline
  101. Impact of high-intensity interval training with or without l-citrulline on physical performance, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue in obese older adults.
    Marcangeli V; Youssef L; Dulac M; Carvalho LP; Hajj-Boutros G; Reynaud O; Guegan B; Buckinx F; Gaudreau P; Morais JA; Mauriège P; Noirez P; Aubertin-Leheudre M; Gouspillou G · Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2022
    Clinical trial81 participantsWeight Gain forCitrulline
  102. Synergistic effect of long-term L-citruline supplementation combined with exercise on body composition in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
    Wang W; Cai S; Liu K; Luo P · Complementary therapies in medicine · 2026
    Meta-analysis9 studies pooledWeight Gain forCitrulline
  103. Effects of Citrulline or Watermelon Supplementation on Body Composition: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis.
    Ashtary-Larky D; Mohammadi S; Mousavi SAH; Hajizadeh L; Candow DG; Forbes SC; Afrisham R; Farrokhi V; Antonio J; Suzuki K · Nutrients · 2025
    Meta-analysis21 studies pooledWeight Gain forCitrulline
  104. Impact of 3-week citrulline supplementation on postprandial protein metabolism in malnourished older patients: The Ciproage randomized controlled trial.
    Bouillanne O; Melchior JC; Faure C; Paul M; Canouï-Poitrine F; Boirie Y; Chevenne D; Forasassi C; Guery E; Herbaud S; Le Corvoisier P; Neveux N; Nivet-Antoine V; Astier A; Raynaud-Simon A; Walrand S; Cynober L; Aussel C · Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2020
    Randomized trial24 participantsWeight Gain forCitrulline
  105. Changes in caffeine intake and long-term weight change in men and women.
    Lopez-Garcia E; van Dam RM; Rajpathak S; Willett WC; Manson JE; Hu FB · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2006
    Cohort study58,157 participantsWeight Loss forCaffeine
  106. Does caffeine ingestion before a short-term sprint interval training promote body fat loss?
    Ferreira GA; Felippe LC; Bertuzzi R; Bishop DJ; Ramos IS; De-Oliveira FR; Lima-Silva AE · Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas · 2020
    Randomized trial20 participantsWeight Loss forCaffeine
  107. Eight Weeks of Sprint Interval Training With Adding Caffeine Ingestion Leads to Greater Improvements in Health-Related Physiological Parameters in Obese Male Adults.
    Zhiang J; Song Q · Physiological research · 2026
    Randomized trial30 participantsWeight Loss forCaffeine
  108. Caffeine treatment prevented from weight regain after calorie shifting diet induced weight loss.
    Davoodi SH; Hajimiresmaiel SJ; Ajami M; Mohseni-Bandpei A; Ayatollahi SA; Dowlatshahi K; Javedan G; Pazoki-Toroudi H · Iranian journal of pharmaceutical research : IJPR · 2014
    Non-randomized trial60 participantsWeight Loss forCaffeine
  109. The effects of caffeine intake on weight loss: a systematic review and dos-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
    Tabrizi R; Saneei P; Lankarani KB; Akbari M; Kolahdooz F; Esmaillzadeh A; Nadi-Ravandi S; Mazoochi M; Asemi Z · Critical reviews in food science and nutrition · 2020
    Meta-analysis606 participants13 studies pooledWeight Loss forCaffeine