Product Image

Loaded Pre Freedom Rocks

Ryse
4.8
★ ★ ★ ★ ★
(172 ratings)
Theobromine 100 mg
Citrulline 4500 mg
Theanine 50 mg
Sodium 140 mg
Caffeine 300 mg
Potassium 130 mg
Choline 200 mg
Product Image
Score72
Well-dosed citrulline and beta-alanine are overshadowed by 420 mg of immediate and delayed caffeine. The formula is too stimulant-heavy for most users and provides little electrolyte support.
How scoring works
Quantity:438 Gram(s) • (30 servings)
Goals:
Fitness
Energy
Heart Health
Weight Gain
Productivity Boost
Mental Focus
Muscle Gain
Cardiovascular Support
Metabolism Boost
Weight Loss

Score 72

Well-dosed citrulline and beta-alanine are overshadowed by 420 mg of immediate and delayed caffeine. The formula is too stimulant-heavy for most users and provides little electrolyte support.
How scoring works

Also available as

1 option
420 servings • Cherry Ring Pop 14 Gram(s) • 420 Gram(s) • 30 servings
$39.99($1.33 per serving)
iHerb
$ 39.99
iHerb
$ 39.99
Report prices

Analysis

L-citrulline at 4.5 g and beta-alanine at 3.5 g provide the strongest basis for the pre-workout role. Those amounts support a performance-focused formula more convincingly than the modest electrolyte and choline additions.

Immediate caffeine anhydrous and delayed-release caffeine total 420 mg, creating a very high and potentially prolonged stimulant load. Only 50 mg of L-theanine is included, which is unlikely to offset that intensity for sensitive users.

One scoop is convenient, but the sodium and potassium amounts are too low for meaningful sweat replacement and the choline form or elemental yield is unclear. It fits highly caffeine-tolerant adults only, with careful timing and no other stimulants that day.

Who is it for
  • Highly caffeine-tolerant adults seeking an intense pre-workout
  • Experienced users who can avoid other stimulant sources
  • People prioritizing citrulline and beta-alanine
Best for
  • High-intensity training sessions
  • Long-duration stimulant effects
  • Users seeking combined citrulline and beta-alanine

Pros

  • Provides 4.5 g of L-citrulline
  • Supplies 3.5 g of beta-alanine
  • Uses immediate and delayed-release caffeine
  • Clearly states most active amounts

Cons

  • Total caffeine reaches 420 mg per serving
  • L-theanine is low relative to the stimulant load
  • Sodium and potassium are modest for workout hydration
  • The choline form and elemental yield are unclear

Warnings

  • The 420 mg caffeine total exceeds the common single-serving safety cutoff and may cause rapid heartbeat, anxiety, nausea, headache, or insomnia
  • Delayed-release caffeine can extend sleep disruption many hours after use, so avoid late-day dosing
  • Do not combine the serving with coffee, energy drinks, stimulant medicines, or other pre-workouts
  • Beta-alanine commonly causes temporary tingling or skin flushing, especially when the full scoop is taken at once

Nutrient quality

72 High impact

Caffeine anhydrous and delayed-release caffeine are specific, while the branded choline source does not disclose its chemical form. The combined caffeine load plus theobromine is unnecessarily aggressive for general use.

Ingredient transparency

80 High impact

Listed active amounts are clear without a hidden proprietary dose. Complete directions and inactive-ingredient details remain incomplete.

Customer satisfaction

70 High impact

The aggregate rating and its volume provide a limited top-level signal. Missing experience details prevent assessment of repeated complaints or purpose-specific satisfaction.

Value for money

66 High impact

Meaningful core performance doses support fair value, but the stimulant imbalance reduces quality. Meaningful core doses support some value despite important trade-offs.

Report analysis

Goals

Fitness
Strength and Power Output
Fitness
Impact
Highest effect
A+ Goal FitA Strength of SupportA CoverageB Formula Quality
Citrulline · 4500 mgBeta-Alanine · 3500 mgCaffeine · 120 mg

Citrulline, beta-alanine, and caffeine directly support blood flow, acid buffering, work capacity, and training drive. All three core performance agents have strong human evidence when used at appropriate amounts.

Citrulline and beta-alanine are meaningfully dosed, but sodium and potassium are modest and total caffeine reaches 420 mg. Core actives and staged caffeine forms are disclosed, although the electrolyte source compounds are not named. The 420 mg total caffeine amount exceeds a prudent single-serving level and may cause marked jitteriness, heart-rate effects, or prolonged sleep disruption.

Study evidence
Caffeine Supportive 255 studies
Citrulline Supportive 45 studies
Potassium No effect 7 studies
Sodium Supportive 96 studies
Energy
Physical Stamina
Energy
Impact
Highest effect
A Goal FitA- Strength of SupportB+ CoverageC+ Formula Quality
Potassium · 130 mgCaffeine · 120 mg

Caffeine, delayed-release caffeine, citrulline, beta-alanine, choline, theobromine, and theanine create a direct pre-workout strategy for alertness and exercise performance. Citrulline and beta-alanine reach meaningful amounts, and every active is individually disclosed.

Total caffeine reaches 420 mg in a full serving, exceeding a commonly cited daily limit for many healthy adults before other caffeine sources are counted. Theanine is only 50 mg and is unlikely to fully offset jitteriness, nausea, headache, rapid heartbeat, or prolonged sleep disruption from the stimulant load.

Study evidence
Caffeine Supportive 68 studies
Citrulline No effect 14 studies
Theanine Not classified

No linked studies yet.

Theobromine Adverse 1 study
Heart Health
Healthy Blood Pressure
Heart Health
Impact
Highest effect
A- Goal FitA- Strength of SupportC+ CoverageB- Formula Quality
Citrulline · 4500 mg

A substantial citrulline amount directly supports nitric-oxide production and exercise-related blood flow. Electrolytes and theanine add modest vascular and stimulant-balancing support.

The formula is a stimulant-heavy pre-workout rather than a long-term heart-health product. The combined immediate and delayed caffeine load is high and may increase heart rate, blood pressure, anxiety, or sleep disruption.

Study evidence
Citrulline Supportive 39 studies
Weight Gain
Training Capacity for Growth
Weight Gain
Impact
High effect
B Goal FitA- Strength of SupportB CoverageC+ Formula Quality
Caffeine · 120 mgBeta-Alanine · 3500 mgCitrulline · 4500 mg

Citrulline, beta-alanine, and stimulants may increase workout capacity, focus, and training volume, indirectly supporting hypertrophy. The product provides almost no calories and no protein or creatine, so it does not address the central nutritional requirements for body-weight gain.

Citrulline and beta-alanine have meaningful amounts, but the two caffeine sources combine above the usual single-day adult limit before accounting for theobromine. The delayed-release stimulant may prolong appetite suppression or sleep disruption, which can undermine eating consistency and recovery.

Study evidence
Caffeine Adverse 11 studies
Citrulline No effect 8 studies
Productivity Boost
Productivity Boost
Impact
High effect
A- Goal FitC+ Strength of SupportB CoverageB- Formula Quality
Theanine · 50 mgCaffeine · 120 mg

Immediate and delayed-release caffeine provide strong alertness support, while choline and theanine add cognitive and calming roles. The combined caffeine load is very high and the theanine amount is unlikely to fully balance it.

Citrulline and beta-alanine support workout performance but are secondary to productivity. People sensitive to stimulants may experience jitters, nausea, headaches, or sleep disruption from the full serving.

Study evidence
Caffeine Supportive 108 studies
Theanine Supportive 5 studies
Mental Focus
Mental Focus
Impact
High effect
B+ Goal FitB- Strength of SupportB CoverageC+ Formula Quality
Choline · 200 mgTheanine · 50 mgCaffeine · 120 mg

Immediate and delayed-release caffeine provide strong alertness, while theanine, theobromine, choline, and vincamine broaden the focus profile. The total stimulant load is very high, and the small theanine amount may not adequately soften it.

The combined caffeine amount exceeds the usual daily safety reference in a single full serving and may cause jitters, headache, faster heart rate, or sleep disruption. People with stimulant sensitivity, uncontrolled blood pressure, or rhythm problems should avoid the full serving.

Study evidence
Caffeine Supportive 128 studies
Choline Supportive 22 studies
Theanine Supportive 19 studies

Ingredients

IngredientAmount per serving
Total Carbohydrates
1 Gram(s)
Vitacholine
200 mg
Sodium
140 mg
Potassium
130 mg
L-Citrulline
4500 mg
Beta Alanine
3500 mg
Caffeine Anhydrous
300 mg
zumXR (Caffeine, Delayed Release)
 120 mg
Theobromine
100 mg
L-Theanine
50 mg
Thinkamine (Vincamine)
 10 mg
Adults 18–50 Women
Report overview
Theobromine · 100 mg OverallScore90
A+ Active Ingredient Quality & BioavailabilityA+ Dose, Safety & Label TransparencyD+ Value

Standalone theobromine reaches a well-aligned amount and is clearly disclosed. Immediate and delayed-release caffeine create a high combined stimulant load, which may raise the risk of jitters, nausea, headaches, and sleep disruption in sensitive users. Serving cost is above the collection benchmark, though several substantial performance ingredients broaden the formula.

View ingredientView products
Citrulline · 4500 mg OverallScore83
B- Active Ingredient Quality & BioavailabilityA+ Dose, Safety & Label TransparencyB Value

Pure L-Citrulline is named and its individual amount is disclosed. The 4,500 mg serving falls within the commonly used performance range. Good citrulline value is tempered by 300 mg caffeine plus delayed-release caffeine, which may prolong stimulation.

View ingredientView products
Theanine · 50 mg OverallScore76
B+ Active Ingredient Quality & BioavailabilityA- Dose, Safety & Label TransparencyD+ Value

Clearly identified L-theanine provides a mild amount within a performance-focused stack. Immediate and delayed-release caffeine create a high combined stimulant load, so theanine may not fully offset jitters, nausea, headaches, or sleep disruption in sensitive users. The cost per active amount is high, though substantial performance ingredients improve the formula’s broader value.

View ingredientView products
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75 Performance

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<p>Fully disclosed beta-alanine, betaine, tyrosine, agmatine, and citrulline provide a clearer performance strategy. The very high caffeine amount plus theobromine and rauwolscine creates substantial cardiovascular, anxiety, and sleep concerns.</p>
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<p>Caffeine, theanine, acetyl-L-carnitine, and disclosed performance ingredients provide balanced energy and focus at a lower serving cost. Citrulline and beta-alanine are lighter than stronger performance doses, but the stimulant profile is less aggressive than the original.</p>
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<p>Caffeine, theanine, acetyl-L-carnitine, and disclosed performance ingredients offer a lower-cost focus and energy blend. Citrulline and beta-alanine remain modest, but the formula avoids the original’s added vincamine and heavier combined stimulation.</p>
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<p>Citrulline, theanine, ginkgo, velvet bean, and mild stimulants come at a slightly lower serving cost. The libido focus, incomplete botanical standards, and multiple interaction concerns make it a less direct workout alternative.</p>
73 Value

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<p>Disclosed beta-alanine, betaine, tyrosine, agmatine, and citrulline offer strong performance coverage. Serving value is tempered by very high caffeine combined with theobromine and rauwolscine, which may raise heart rate, blood pressure, anxiety, or sleep disruption.</p>
72 Value

SuperPump Aggression Jersey Mobster Italian Ice

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<p>Useful disclosed amounts of beta-alanine, betaine, tyrosine, agmatine, and citrulline support workout performance. The stimulant load is still aggressive and limits value for anyone sensitive to caffeine or other stimulants.</p>
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Nitrosurge Shred Black Cherry

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<p>Balanced caffeine, theanine, acetyl-L-carnitine, and disclosed performance ingredients provide a favorable quality-to-cost trade-off. Citrulline and beta-alanine are modest, but the overall stimulant profile is easier to assess than the original.</p>
Report alternatives

Sources

Published studies used for the product analysis and the top-ranked studies for each ingredient and goal.

  1. The effect of l-citrulline and watermelon juice supplementation on anaerobic and aerobic exercise performance.
    Cutrufello PT; Gadomski SJ; Zavorsky GS · Journal of sports sciences · 2016
    Randomized trial22 participantsFitness forCitrulline
  2. Negligible benefit of oral single-dose sodium bicarbonate on continuous running performance: systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials.
    Miller LE; Bhattacharyya R; Katz SJ; Bhattacharyya M; Herbert WG · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2025
    Meta-analysis126 participants11 studies pooledFitness forSodium
  3. Potassium Nitrate in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
    Zamani P; Shah SJ; Cohen JB; Zhao M; Yang W; Afable JL; Caturla M; Maynard H; Pourmussa B; Demastus C; Mohanty I; Miyake MM; Adusumalli S; Margulies KB; Prenner SB; Poole DC; Wilson N; Reddy R; Townsend RR; Ischiropoulos H; Cappola TP; Chirinos JA · JAMA cardiology · 2025
    Randomized trial84 participantsFitness forPotassium
  4. The acute effects on duodenal gene expression in healthy men following consumption of a low-fat meal enriched with theobromine or fat.
    Smolders L; Mensink RP; Boekschoten MV; de Ridder RJJ; Plat J · Scientific reports · 2018
    Randomized trial8 participantsCardiovascular Support forTheobromine
  5. Pre-Exercise Caffeine and Sodium Bicarbonate: Their Effects on Isometric Mid-Thigh Pull Performance in a Crossover, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.
    Kaçoğlu C; Kirkaya İ; Ceylan Hİ; de Assis GG; Almeida-Neto P; Bayrakdaroğlu S; Chaves Oliveira C; Özkan A; Nikolaidis PT · Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024
    Clinical trial19 participantsFitness forSodium
  6. Effects of Acute Citrulline Malate Supplementation on CrossFit® Exercise Performance: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Cross-Over Study.
    Devrim-Lanpir A; Ihász F; Demcsik M; Horváth AC; Góczán P; Czepek P; Takács J; Kimble R; Zare R; Gunes FE; Knechtle B; Weiss K; Rosemann T; Heinrich KM · Nutrients · 2024
    Randomized trial21 participantsFitness forCitrulline
  7. Relationships between consumption of theobromine in cocoa products and cardiovascular risk factors in 2015-2020 National health and nutrition examination survey.
    Ponsuporn W; Naumovski N; McKune AJ; Khemacheewakul J; Leksawasdi N; Rachtanapun P; Taesuwan S · European journal of nutrition · 2026
    Cross-sectional study8,531 participantsCardiovascular Support forTheobromine
  8. Association between Changes in Nutrient Intake and Changes in Muscle Strength and Physical Performance in the SarcoPhAge Cohort.
    Lengelé L; Moehlinger P; Bruyère O; Locquet M; Reginster JY; Beaudart C · Nutrients · 2021
    Cross-sectional study534 participantsFitness forPotassium
  9. Association Between Sodium Density and Grip Strength Among Older Korean Adults: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study.
    Noh HM; Park YS; Lee HJ; Roh YK; Song HJ · Clinical interventions in aging · 2020
    Cross-sectional study2,982 participantsFitness forSodium
  10. Effect of cocoa and theobromine consumption on serum HDL-cholesterol concentrations: a randomized controlled trial.
    Neufingerl N; Zebregs YE; Schuring EA; Trautwein EA · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2013
    Randomized trial152 participantsCardiovascular Support forTheobromine
  11. The Effects of Combined Exercise with Citrulline Supplementation on Body Composition and Lower Limb Function of Overweight Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
    Xie S; Li S; Shaharudin S · Journal of sports science & medicine · 2023
    Meta-analysis303 participants7 studies pooledFitness forCitrulline
  12. Potassium Bicarbonate Supplementation Lowers Bone Turnover and Calcium Excretion in Older Men and Women: A Randomized Dose-Finding Trial.
    Dawson-Hughes B; Harris SS; Palermo NJ; Gilhooly CH; Shea MK; Fielding RA; Ceglia L · Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research · 2016
    Randomized trial244 participantsFitness forPotassium
  13. The effect of chronic progressive-dose sodium bicarbonate ingestion on CrossFit-like performance: A double-blind, randomized cross-over trial.
    Durkalec-Michalski K; Zawieja EE; Podgórski T; Łoniewski I; Zawieja BE; Warzybok M; Jeszka J · PloS one · 2018
    Randomized trial21 participantsFitness forSodium
  14. Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training Combined with L-Citrulline Supplementation on Functional Capacities and Muscle Function in Dynapenic-Obese Older Adults.
    Buckinx F; Gouspillou G; Carvalho LP; Marcangeli V; El Hajj Boutros G; Dulac M; Noirez P; Morais JA; Gaudreau P; Aubertin-Leheudre M · Journal of clinical medicine · 2020
    Randomized trial56 participantsFitness Muscle Gain forCitrulline
  15. The Effect of Theobromine Supplementation on HDL-c Subclasses (HDL-c2, HDL-c3), HDL-c2/HDL-c3 Ratio, and Gene Expression of PPAR-α and Sirt1 in Subjects With Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.
    Sharifi-Zahabi E; Dastafkan Z; Asadi A; Hosseini-Baharanchi FS; Rezvani N; Yari S; Shidfar F · Food science & nutrition · 2025
    Randomized trial80 participantsCardiovascular Support forTheobromine
  16. Longitudinal Association Between Sodium and Potassium Intake and Physical Performance in Older Adults.
    Lana A; Struijk EA; Ortolá R; Rodríguez-Artalejo F; Lopez-Garcia E · The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2021
    Cohort study868 participantsFitness forPotassium
  17. Sodium Hyperhydration Improves Performance With No Change in Thermal and Cardiovascular Strain in Female Cyclists Exercising in the Heat Across the Menstrual Cycle.
    Convit L; Orellana L; Périard JD; Carr AJ; Warmington S; Beaugeois M; Abraham A; Snipe RMJ · International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism · 2025
    Randomized trial12 participantsFitness forSodium
  18. Effect of isolated and combined ingestion of caffeine and citrulline malate on resistance exercise and jumping performance: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study.
    Haugen ME; Vårvik FT; Grgic J; Studsrud H; Austheim E; Zimmermann EM; Falch HN; Larsen S; van den Tillaar R; Bjørnsen T · European journal of nutrition · 2023
    Randomized trial35 participantsFitness forCitrulline
  19. Exercise-induced hyperkalaemia can be reduced in human subjects by moderate training without change in skeletal muscle Na,K-ATPase concentration.
    Kjeldsen K; Nørgaard A; Hau C · European journal of clinical investigation · 1991
    Observational study15 participantsFitness forPotassium
  20. Increased blood pH but not performance with sodium bicarbonate supplementation in elite rugby union players.
    Cameron SL; McLay-Cooke RT; Brown RC; Gray AR; Fairbairn KA · International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism · 2010
    Randomized trial25 participantsFitness forSodium
  21. Effects of Citrulline Malate and Beetroot Juice Supplementation on Blood Flow, Energy Metabolism, and Performance During Maximum Effort Leg Extension Exercise.
    Trexler ET; Keith DS; Schwartz TA; Ryan ED; Stoner L; Persky AM; Smith-Ryan AE · Journal of strength and conditioning research · 2019
    Randomized trial27 participantsFitness forCitrulline
  22. Effect of sodium bicarbonate on prolonged running performance: A randomized, double-blind, cross-over study.
    Freis T; Hecksteden A; Such U; Meyer T · PloS one · 2017
    Randomized trial18 participantsFitness forSodium
  23. Acute citrulline malate supplementation improves upper- and lower-body submaximal weightlifting exercise performance in resistance-trained females.
    Glenn JM; Gray M; Wethington LN; Stone MS; Stewart RW; Moyen NE · European journal of nutrition · 2017
    Randomized trial15 participantsFitness forCitrulline
  24. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: sodium bicarbonate and exercise performance.
    Grgic J; Pedisic Z; Saunders B; Artioli GG; Schoenfeld BJ; McKenna MJ; Bishop DJ; Kreider RB; Stout JR; Kalman DS; Arent SM; VanDusseldorp TA; Lopez HL; Ziegenfuss TN; Burke LM; Antonio J; Campbell BI · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2021
    Guideline / consensusFitness forSodium
  25. Eight Days of L-Citrulline or L-Arginine Supplementation Did Not Improve 200-m and 100-m Swimming Time Trials.
    Esen O; Eser MC; Abdioglu M; Benesova D; Gabrys T; Karayigit R · International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022
    Randomized trial15 participantsFitness forCitrulline
  26. No additive effect of creatine, caffeine, and sodium bicarbonate on intense exercise performance in endurance-trained individuals.
    Moesgaard L; Jessen S; Christensen PM; Bangsbo J; Hostrup M · Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports · 2024
    Randomized trial23 participantsFitness forSodium
  27. Effect of food sources of nitrate, polyphenols, L-arginine and L-citrulline on endurance exercise performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
    d'Unienville NMA; Blake HT; Coates AM; Hill AM; Nelson MJ; Buckley JD · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2022
    Meta-analysis3 studies pooledFitness forCitrulline
  28. Effect of sodium phosphate supplementation on repeated high-intensity cycling efforts.
    Brewer CP; Dawson B; Wallman KE; Guelfi KJ · Journal of sports sciences · 2015
    Randomized trial17 participantsFitness forSodium
  29. Acute Effects of Citrulline Supplementation on High-Intensity Strength and Power Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
    Trexler ET; Persky AM; Ryan ED; Schwartz TA; Stoner L; Smith-Ryan AE · Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2020
    Meta-analysis198 participants12 studies pooledFitness forCitrulline
  30. Does l-citrulline supplementation and watermelon intake reduce blood pressure in middle-aged and older adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
    Luo P; Chen J; Liu K; Zhang J · Clinical nutrition ESPEN · 2025
    Meta-analysis415 participants15 studies pooledCardiovascular Support forCitrulline
  31. Micronutrient Supplementation to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk.
    An P; Wan S; Luo Y; Luo J; Zhang X; Zhou S; Xu T; He J; Mechanick JI; Wu WC; Ren F; Liu S · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 2022
    Meta-analysis883,627 participants884 studies pooledCardiovascular Support forCitrulline
  32. l-Citrulline supplementation improves O2 uptake kinetics and high-intensity exercise performance in humans.
    Bailey SJ; Blackwell JR; Lord T; Vanhatalo A; Winyard PG; Jones AM · Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2016
    Randomized trial10 participantsCardiovascular Support forCitrulline
  33. Effects of L-Citrulline Supplementation on Endothelial Function and Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Postmenopausal Women.
    Maharaj A; Fischer SM; Dillon KN; Kang Y; Martinez MA; Figueroa A · Nutrients · 2022
    Randomized trial25 participantsCardiovascular Support Heart Health forCitrulline
  34. Short-term effects of L-citrulline supplementation on arterial stiffness in middle-aged men.
    Ochiai M; Hayashi T; Morita M; Ina K; Maeda M; Watanabe F; Morishita K · International journal of cardiology · 2012
    Randomized trial15 participantsCardiovascular Support forCitrulline
  35. Sex-specific associations between sodium and potassium intake and overall and cause-specific mortality: a large prospective U.S. cohort study, systematic review, and updated meta-analysis of cohort studies.
    Gan L; Zhao B; Inoue-Choi M; Liao LM; Graubard BI; Weinstein SJ; Albanes D; Huang J · BMC medicine · 2024
    Meta-analysis416,104 participantsCardiovascular Support forPotassium
  36. Potassium intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease a meta-analysis of prospective studies.
    D'Elia L; Barba G; Cappuccio FP; Strazzullo P · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 2011
    Meta-analysis247,510 participants11 studies pooledCardiovascular Support forPotassium
  37. Blood pressure response to changes in sodium and potassium intake: a metaregression analysis of randomised trials.
    Geleijnse JM; Kok FJ; Grobbee DE · Journal of human hypertension · 2003
    Meta-analysis27 studies pooledCardiovascular Support forPotassium
  38. Twenty-Four-Hour Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion and Their Associations With Blood Pressure Among Adults in China: Baseline Survey of Action on Salt China.
    Li Y; Zhang P; Wu J; Ma J; Xu J; Zhang X; Luo R; Liu M; Sun Y; Li X; Tan M; He FJ; MacGregor GA; Li X · Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2021
    Cross-sectional study5,353 participantsCardiovascular Support forPotassium
  39. Dietary Sodium and Potassium Intake and Risk of Non-Fatal Cardiovascular Diseases: The Million Veteran Program.
    Wang DD; Li Y; Nguyen XT; Song RJ; Ho YL; Hu FB; Willett WC; Wilson PWF; Cho K; Gaziano JM; Djoussé L; On Behalf Of The Va Million Veteran Program · Nutrients · 2022
    Cohort study180,156 participantsCardiovascular Support forPotassium
  40. Theobromine supplementation in combination with a low-calorie diet improves cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese subjects with metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.
    Sharifi-Zahabi E; Rezvani N; Hajizadeh-Sharafabad F; Hosseini-Baharanchi FS; Shidfar F; Rahimi M · Food & function · 2023
    Randomized trial80 participantsCardiovascular Support forTheobromine
  41. Cognitive and mood improvements of caffeine in habitual consumers and habitual non-consumers of caffeine.
    Haskell CF; Kennedy DO; Wesnes KA; Scholey AB · Psychopharmacology · 2005
    Randomized trial48 participantsEnergy forCaffeine
  42. Caffeine-containing energy drink improves physical performance of elite rugby players during a simulated match.
    Del Coso J; Ramírez JA; Muñoz G; Portillo J; Gonzalez-Millán C; Muñoz V; Barbero-Álvarez JC; Muñoz-Guerra J · Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme · 2016
    Randomized trial26 participantsEnergy forCaffeine
  43. Differential cognitive effects of energy drink ingredients: caffeine, taurine, and glucose.
    Giles GE; Mahoney CR; Brunyé TT; Gardony AL; Taylor HA; Kanarek RB · Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2013
    Randomized trial48 participantsEnergy forCaffeine
  44. Does Single or Combined Caffeine and Taurine Supplementation Improve Athletic and Cognitive Performance without Affecting Fatigue Level in Elite Boxers? A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.
    Ozan M; Buzdagli Y; Eyipinar CD; Baygutalp NK; Yüce N; Oget F; Kan E; Baygutalp F · Nutrients · 2022
    Randomized trial20 participantsEnergy forCaffeine
  45. Trait Energy and Fatigue Modify the Effects of Caffeine on Mood, Cognitive and Fine-Motor Task Performance: A Post-Hoc Study.
    Fuller DT; Smith ML; Boolani A · Nutrients · 2021
    Randomized trialEnergy forCaffeine
  46. Acute Effect of Citrulline Malate on Repetition Performance During Strength Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
    Vårvik FT; Bjørnsen T; Gonzalez AM · International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism · 2021
    Meta-analysis137 participants8 studies pooledEnergy forCitrulline
  47. Oral L-citrulline supplementation enhances cycling time trial performance in healthy trained men: Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled 2-way crossover study.
    Suzuki T; Morita M; Kobayashi Y; Kamimura A · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2016
    Randomized trial22 participantsEnergy forCitrulline
  48. Citrulline malate enhances athletic anaerobic performance and relieves muscle soreness.
    Pérez-Guisado J; Jakeman PM · Journal of strength and conditioning research · 2010
    Randomized trial41 participantsEnergy forCitrulline
  49. Citrulline/malate promotes aerobic energy production in human exercising muscle.
    Bendahan D; Mattei JP; Ghattas B; Confort-Gouny S; Le Guern ME; Cozzone PJ · British journal of sports medicine · 2002
    Single-arm trial18 participantsEnergy forCitrulline
  50. The Effect of Citrulline Malate Supplementation on Muscle Fatigue Among Healthy Participants.
    Farney TM; Bliss MV; Hearon CM; Salazar DA · Journal of strength and conditioning research · 2019
    Randomized trial12 participantsEnergy forCitrulline
  51. Sleep symptoms associated with intake of specific dietary nutrients.
    Grandner MA; Jackson N; Gerstner JR; Knutson KL · Journal of sleep research · 2014
    Cross-sectional study4,552 participantsEnergy forTheobromine
  52. Effect of caffeine ingestion on cycling performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
    Wu J; Xu K; Yin M; Ding X; Wang T; Zhang Q; Wu X; Xiao N · Frontiers in nutrition · 2026
    Meta-analysis226 participants20 studies pooledFitness forCaffeine
  53. Effects of Caffeine Intake on Endurance Running Performance and Time to Exhaustion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
    Wang Z; Qiu B; Gao J; Del Coso J · Nutrients · 2023
    Meta-analysis254 participants21 studies pooledFitness forCaffeine
  54. Acute Effects of Caffeine Supplementation on Movement Velocity in Resistance Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
    Raya-González J; Rendo-Urteaga T; Domínguez R; Castillo D; Rodríguez-Fernández A; Grgic J · Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2021
    Meta-analysis12 studies pooledFitness forCaffeine
  55. Sex Differences in the Ergogenic Response of Acute Caffeine Intake on Muscular Strength, Power and Endurance Performance in Resistance-Trained Individuals: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
    Montalvo-Alonso JJ; Ferragut C; Del Val-Manzano M; Valadés D; Roberts J; Pérez-López A · Nutrients · 2024
    Randomized trial76 participantsFitness forCaffeine
  56. Can I Have My Coffee and Drink It? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis to Determine Whether Habitual Caffeine Consumption Affects the Ergogenic Effect of Caffeine.
    Carvalho A; Marticorena FM; Grecco BH; Barreto G; Saunders B · Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2022
    Meta-analysis60 studies pooledFitness forCaffeine
  57. Initial Dietary Protein Intake Influence Muscle Function Adaptations in Older Men and Women Following High-Intensity Interval Training Combined with Citrulline.
    Buckinx F; Marcangeli V; Pinheiro Carvalho L; Dulac M; Hajj Boutros G; Gouspillou G; Gaudreau P; Morais J; Noirez P; Aubertin-Leheudre M · Nutrients · 2020
    Randomized trial73 participantsFitness forCitrulline
  58. Effects of Citrulline alone or combined with exercise on muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance among older adults: a systematic review.
    Aubertin-Leheudre M; Buckinx F · Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care · 2021
    Systematic review250 participants6 studies pooledFitness Muscle Gain forCitrulline
  59. Combined Vs. Single Supplementation of L-Citrulline and Sodium Bicarbonate During Sprint Interval Training in Basketball Players: Effects on Physical Performance and Hormonal Adaptations.
    Wang Y; Wang Y; Qian K · Journal of sports science & medicine · 2025
    Randomized trial40 participantsFitness forCitrulline
  60. Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps in Ironman-Distance Triathletes Over 3 Decades.
    Nilssen PK; Johnson KB; Hiller WDB; Miller TK; Connolly CP · Clinical journal of sport medicine : official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine · 2026
    Observational study10,533 participantsFitness forPotassium
  61. Additive effects of beta-alanine and sodium bicarbonate on upper-body intermittent performance.
    Tobias G; Benatti FB; de Salles Painelli V; Roschel H; Gualano B; Sale C; Harris RC; Lancha AH; Artioli GG · Amino acids · 2013
    Randomized trial37 participantsFitness forSodium
  62. Sodium bicarbonate supplementation improves severe-intensity intermittent exercise under moderate acute hypoxic conditions.
    Deb SK; Gough LA; Sparks SA; McNaughton LR · European journal of applied physiology · 2018
    Randomized trial11 participantsFitness forSodium
  63. The effects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on swimming interval performance in trained competitive swimmers.
    Gough LA; Newbury JW; Price M · European journal of applied physiology · 2023
    Randomized trial14 participantsFitness forSodium
  64. Effect of oral L-citrulline on brachial and aortic blood pressure defined by resting status: evidence from randomized controlled trials.
    Yang HH; Li XL; Zhang WG; Figueroa A; Chen LH; Qin LQ · Nutrition & metabolism · 2022
    Meta-analysis8 studies pooledHeart Health forCitrulline
  65. Impact of L-Citrulline Supplementation and HIIT on Lipid Profile, Arterial Stiffness, and Fat Mass in Obese Adolescents with Metabolic-Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
    Rodríguez-Carrillo AA; Espinoza-Vargas MR; Vargas-Ortiz K; Ibarra-Reynoso LDR; Olvera-Juárez M; Gómez-Ojeda A; Garay-Sevilla ME; Figueroa A · Nutrients · 2025
    Randomized trial44 participantsHeart Health forCitrulline
  66. Vascular effects of l-citrulline supplementation in healthy adults are largely influenced by the prehypertensive range of blood pressure: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study.
    Nogimura D; Nagaoka K; Ogino K; Ogino N; Moriyasu K; Morita M · Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.) · 2026
    Randomized trial66 participantsHeart Health forCitrulline
  67. The Assessment of short-term effect of L-Citrulline on endothelial function via FMD to NMD ratio in known CAD patients: A randomized, cross-over clinical trial (Clinical trial number: NCT02638727).
    Safi M; Mahjoob MP; Nateghi S; Khaheshi I; Akbarzadeh MA; Naderian M · Romanian journal of internal medicine = Revue roumaine de medecine interne · 2017
    Randomized trial30 participantsHeart Health forCitrulline
  68. Effects of modafinil and caffeine on night-time vigilance of air force crewmembers: A randomized controlled trial.
    Wingelaar-Jagt YQ; Bottenheft C; Riedel WJ; Ramaekers JG · Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2023
    Randomized trial32 participantsMental Focus forCaffeine
  69. Acute effects of caffeine on attention: a comparison of non-consumers and withdrawn consumers.
    Smith AP; Christopher G; Sutherland D · Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2013
    Randomized trial70 participantsMental Focus forCaffeine
  70. Performance and alertness effects of caffeine, dextroamphetamine, and modafinil during sleep deprivation.
    Wesensten NJ; Killgore WD; Balkin TJ · Journal of sleep research · 2006
    Randomized trial48 participantsMental Focus forCaffeine
  71. Effects of caffeine on mood and performance: a study of realistic consumption.
    Brice CF; Smith AP · Psychopharmacology · 2003
    Clinical trial24 participantsMental Focus forCaffeine
  72. Effects of caffeine or diphenhydramine on visual vigilance.
    Fine BJ; Kobrick JL; Lieberman HR; Marlowe B; Riley RH; Tharion WJ · Psychopharmacology · 1995
    Randomized trial24 participantsMental Focus forCaffeine
  73. Four-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial of choline for neurodevelopment in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder.
    Wozniak JR; Fink BA; Fuglestad AJ; Eckerle JK; Boys CJ; Sandness KE; Radke JP; Miller NC; Lindgren C; Brearley AM; Zeisel SH; Georgieff MK · Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders · 2021
    Randomized trial31 participantsMental Focus forCholine
  74. The relation of dietary choline to cognitive performance and white-matter hyperintensity in the Framingham Offspring Cohort.
    Poly C; Massaro JM; Seshadri S; Wolf PA; Cho E; Krall E; Jacques PF; Au R · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2012
    Cohort study1,391 participantsMental Focus forCholine
  75. Association between Maternal Choline, Fetal Brain Development, and Child Neurocognition: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Human Studies.
    Obeid R; Derbyshire E; Schön C · Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2022
    Meta-analysis30 studies pooledMental Focus forCholine
  76. Effect of Choline Supplementation on Neurological, Cognitive, and Behavioral Outcomes in Offspring Arising from Alcohol Exposure During Development: A Quantitative Systematic Review of Clinical and Preclinical Studies.
    Akison LK; Kuo J; Reid N; Boyd RN; Moritz KM · Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research · 2019
    Systematic reviewMental Focus forCholine
  77. Perinatal choline effects on neonatal pathophysiology related to later schizophrenia risk.
    Ross RG; Hunter SK; McCarthy L; Beuler J; Hutchison AK; Wagner BD; Leonard S; Stevens KE; Freedman R · The American journal of psychiatry · 2013
    Randomized trialMental Focus forCholine
  78. Effects of Tea (Camellia sinensis) or its Bioactive Compounds l-Theanine or l-Theanine plus Caffeine on Cognition, Sleep, and Mood in Healthy Participants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
    Payne ER; Aceves-Martins M; Dubost J; Greyling A; de Roos B · Nutrition reviews · 2025
    Meta-analysis50 studies pooledMental Focus forTheanine
  79. Effects of l-Theanine on Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged and Older Subjects: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study.
    Baba Y; Inagaki S; Nakagawa S; Kaneko T; Kobayashi M; Takihara T · Journal of medicinal food · 2021
    Randomized trialMental Focus Productivity Boost forTheanine
  80. Acute effects of theanine, caffeine and theanine-caffeine combination on attention.
    Kahathuduwa CN; Dassanayake TL; Amarakoon AMT; Weerasinghe VS · Nutritional neuroscience · 2018
    Clinical trial20 participantsMental Focus forTheanine
  81. Safety and Efficacy of AlphaWave® L-Theanine Supplementation for 28 Days in Healthy Adults with Moderate Stress: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.
    Moulin M; Crowley DC; Xiong L; Guthrie N; Lewis ED · Neurology and therapy · 2024
    Randomized trial30 participantsMental Focus Productivity Boost forTheanine
  82. Effect of L-theanine on selective attention in a traffic-related reaction task in sleep-deprived young adults: a double-blind placebo-controlled, crossover study.
    Karunaratne UW; Dassanayake TL · Nutritional neuroscience · 2025
    Randomized trial24 participantsMental Focus forTheanine
  83. A Randomized Study to Examine the Ability of a Caffeine-Based Energy Drink to Impact Energy Expenditure, Fat Oxidation, and Cognitive Performance.
    Krieger J; Schrautemeier A; Hagele A; Gaige C; Mennemeyer O; Tolbert S; Iannotti J; Kerksick C; Noonan C; Mumford P · Nutrients · 2025
    Randomized trial60 participantsMetabolism Boost forCaffeine
  84. Oolong tea increases metabolic rate and fat oxidation in men.
    Rumpler W; Seale J; Clevidence B; Judd J; Wiley E; Yamamoto S; Komatsu T; Sawaki T; Ishikura Y; Hosoda K · The Journal of nutrition · 2001
    Randomized trial12 participantsMetabolism Boost forCaffeine
  85. Effect of caffeine intake on fat oxidation rate during exercise: is there a dose-response effect?
    Gutiérrez-Hellín J; Aguilar-Navarro M; Ruiz-Moreno C; Muñoz A; Varillas-Delgado D; Amaro-Gahete FJ; Del Coso J · European journal of nutrition · 2023
    Randomized trial18 participantsMetabolism Boost forCaffeine
  86. Comparison of changes in energy expenditure and body temperatures after caffeine consumption.
    Koot P; Deurenberg P · Annals of nutrition & metabolism · 1995
    Randomized trial12 participantsMetabolism Boost forCaffeine
  87. Caffeine Increases Work Done above Critical Power, but Not Anaerobic Work.
    Silveira R; Andrade-Souza VA; Arcoverde L; Tomazini F; Sansonio A; Bishop DJ; Bertuzzi R; Lima-Silva AE · Medicine and science in sports and exercise · 2018
    Randomized trial9 participantsMetabolism Boost forCaffeine
  88. Effects of Acute Ingestion of Caffeine Capsules on Muscle Strength and Muscle Endurance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
    Wu W; Chen Z; Zhou H; Wang L; Li X; Lv Y; Sun T; Yu L · Nutrients · 2024
    Meta-analysis14 studies pooledMuscle Gain forCaffeine
  89. Acute caffeine intake improves muscular strength, power, and endurance performance, reversing the time-of-day effect regardless of muscle activation level in resistance-trained males: a randomized controlled trial.
    Montalvo-Alonso JJ; Del Val-Manzano M; Cerezo-Telléz E; Ferragut C; Valadés D; Rodríguez-Falces J; Pérez-López A · European journal of applied physiology · 2025
    Randomized trial13 participantsMuscle Gain forCaffeine
  90. Wake up and smell the coffee: caffeine supplementation and exercise performance-an umbrella review of 21 published meta-analyses.
    Grgic J; Grgic I; Pickering C; Schoenfeld BJ; Bishop DJ; Pedisic Z · British journal of sports medicine · 2020
    Systematic review21 studies pooledMuscle Gain forCaffeine
  91. Effects of caffeine intake on muscle strength and power: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
    Grgic J; Trexler ET; Lazinica B; Pedisic Z · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2018
    Meta-analysis20 studies pooledMuscle Gain forCaffeine
  92. Caffeine increases strength and power performance in resistance-trained females during early follicular phase.
    Norum M; Risvang LC; Bjørnsen T; Dimitriou L; Rønning PO; Bjørgen M; Raastad T · Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports · 2021
    Randomized trial15 participantsMuscle Gain forCaffeine
  93. Impact of L-citrulline supplementation and whole-body vibration training on arterial stiffness and leg muscle function in obese postmenopausal women with high blood pressure.
    Figueroa A; Alvarez-Alvarado S; Ormsbee MJ; Madzima TA; Campbell JC; Wong A · Experimental gerontology · 2015
    Randomized trial41 participantsMuscle Gain forCitrulline
  94. Citrulline Supplementation Improves Microvascular Function and Muscle Strength in Middle-Aged and Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes.
    Figueroa A; Dillon KN; Levitt DE; Kang Y · Nutrients · 2025
    Randomized trial16 participantsMuscle Gain forCitrulline
  95. Citrulline stimulates muscle protein synthesis in the post-absorptive state in healthy people fed a low-protein diet - A pilot study.
    Jourdan M; Nair KS; Carter RE; Schimke J; Ford GC; Marc J; Aussel C; Cynober L · Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2016
    Randomized trial8 participantsMuscle Gain forCitrulline
  96. Etiologic and therapeutic analysis in patients with hypokalemic nonperiodic paralysis.
    Sung CC; Cheng CJ; Chiang WF; Chau T; Hsu YJ; Yang SS; Lin SH · The American journal of medicine · 2015
    Single-arm trial58 participantsMuscle Gain forPotassium
  97. Nutritional intake as a determinant of high-speed resistance and multicomponent training efficacy on strength in older women at risk of sarcopenia. A randomized clinical trial.
    Polo-Ferrero L; Recio-Rodriguez JI; González-Manzano S; Martín-Vallejo J; Barbero-Iglesias FJ; Montero-Errasquín B; Cruz-Jentoft AJ; Méndez-Sánchez R · Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2025
    Randomized trial80 participantsMuscle Gain forPotassium
  98. Diet, evolution and aging--the pathophysiologic effects of the post-agricultural inversion of the potassium-to-sodium and base-to-chloride ratios in the human diet.
    Frassetto L; Morris RC; Sellmeyer DE; Todd K; Sebastian A · European journal of nutrition · 2002
    Narrative reviewMuscle Gain forPotassium
  99. Potassium intake, skeletal muscle mass, and effect modification by sex: data from the 2008-2011 KNHANES.
    Lee YJ; Lee M; Wi YM; Cho S; Kim SR · Nutrition journal · 2021
    Cross-sectional study16,558 participantsMuscle Gain forPotassium
  100. Effects of caffeine on alertness.
    Zwyghuizen-Doorenbos A; Roehrs TA; Lipschutz L; Timms V; Roth T · Psychopharmacology · 1990
    Randomized trial24 participantsProductivity Boost forCaffeine
  101. Effects of Different Sources of Low-Dose Caffeine on Mood/Arousal and Cognitive Performance.
    Irwin C; McCartney D; Grant G; Delang N; Bartrim K; Cox GR; Desbrow B · Perceptual and motor skills · 2023
    Randomized trial22 participantsProductivity Boost forCaffeine
  102. Effects of caffeine, sleep loss, and stress on cognitive performance and mood during U.S. Navy SEAL training. Sea-Air-Land.
    Lieberman HR; Tharion WJ; Shukitt-Hale B; Speckman KL; Tulley R · Psychopharmacology · 2003
    Randomized trial68 participantsProductivity Boost forCaffeine
  103. A review of caffeine's effects on cognitive, physical and occupational performance.
    McLellan TM; Caldwell JA; Lieberman HR · Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2017
    Narrative reviewProductivity Boost forCaffeine
  104. Acute caffeine supplementation as a nutrition-based strategy to mitigate sleep-loss-related cognitive and operational performance impairments in military personnel: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
    Wang R; Wang W; Meng L; Hao G; Gu G · Frontiers in nutrition · 2026
    Meta-analysis7 studies pooledProductivity Boost forCaffeine
  105. Cognitive and affective effects of L-Theanine: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 31 randomized trials.
    Gerolymos C; Saddier E; Boyer L; Fond G · Molecular psychiatry · 2026
    Meta-analysis1,168 participants31 studies pooledProductivity Boost forTheanine
  106. Effects of L-theanine on cognition, mood and sleep: evidence from human trials.
    Cotter J; Kilpatrick HE · Frontiers in nutrition · 2026
    Narrative reviewProductivity Boost forTheanine
  107. Time for tea: mood, blood pressure and cognitive performance effects of caffeine and theanine administered alone and together.
    Rogers PJ; Smith JE; Heatherley SV; Pleydell-Pearce CW · Psychopharmacology · 2008
    Randomized trial48 participantsProductivity Boost forTheanine
  108. Association between coffee intake and skeletal muscle mass among U.S. adults: a population-based study.
    Yin H; Zhu W; Guo L; Li W; Liang M · Frontiers in nutrition · 2024
    Cross-sectional study8,333 participantsWeight Gain forCaffeine
  109. Use of caffeine in 19,660 randomly selected U.S. adults: the role of overweight and obesity.
    Tucker LA; Beltran F · Frontiers in nutrition · 2025
    Cross-sectional study19,660 participantsWeight Gain forCaffeine
  110. Dietary caffeine intake is associated with favorable metabolic profile among apparently healthy overweight and obese individuals.
    Alshahrani SH; Atia YA; Badir RA; Almalki SG; Tayyib NA; Shahab S; Romero-Parra RM; Abid MK; Hussien BM; Ramaiah P · BMC endocrine disorders · 2023
    Cross-sectional study488 participantsWeight Gain forCaffeine
  111. Exploring parental prenatal influences on child health: A multicohort study and data visualisation tool.
    Sharp GC; Lawlor DA; Easey KE; Kundu S; Elhakeem A; Hone E; McEachan RRC; Magnus MC; Havdahl A; Relton CL · PLoS medicine · 2026
    Cohort study232,139 participantsWeight Gain forCaffeine
  112. Weight gain in older adolescent females: the internet, sleep, coffee, and alcohol.
    Berkey CS; Rockett HR; Colditz GA · The Journal of pediatrics · 2008
    Cohort study5,000 participantsWeight Gain forCaffeine
  113. Effects of Citrulline Supplementation on Body Weight in Patients With Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery.
    Yang JA; Lee KE; Park JH; Yee J; Kim JY; Gwak HS · Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · 2020
    Cohort study138 participantsWeight Gain forCitrulline
  114. Impact of high-intensity interval training with or without l-citrulline on physical performance, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue in obese older adults.
    Marcangeli V; Youssef L; Dulac M; Carvalho LP; Hajj-Boutros G; Reynaud O; Guegan B; Buckinx F; Gaudreau P; Morais JA; Mauriège P; Noirez P; Aubertin-Leheudre M; Gouspillou G · Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2022
    Clinical trial81 participantsWeight Gain forCitrulline
  115. Synergistic effect of long-term L-citruline supplementation combined with exercise on body composition in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
    Wang W; Cai S; Liu K; Luo P · Complementary therapies in medicine · 2026
    Meta-analysis9 studies pooledWeight Gain forCitrulline
  116. Effects of Citrulline or Watermelon Supplementation on Body Composition: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis.
    Ashtary-Larky D; Mohammadi S; Mousavi SAH; Hajizadeh L; Candow DG; Forbes SC; Afrisham R; Farrokhi V; Antonio J; Suzuki K · Nutrients · 2025
    Meta-analysis21 studies pooledWeight Gain forCitrulline
  117. Impact of 3-week citrulline supplementation on postprandial protein metabolism in malnourished older patients: The Ciproage randomized controlled trial.
    Bouillanne O; Melchior JC; Faure C; Paul M; Canouï-Poitrine F; Boirie Y; Chevenne D; Forasassi C; Guery E; Herbaud S; Le Corvoisier P; Neveux N; Nivet-Antoine V; Astier A; Raynaud-Simon A; Walrand S; Cynober L; Aussel C · Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2020
    Randomized trial24 participantsWeight Gain forCitrulline
  118. Changes in caffeine intake and long-term weight change in men and women.
    Lopez-Garcia E; van Dam RM; Rajpathak S; Willett WC; Manson JE; Hu FB · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2006
    Cohort study58,157 participantsWeight Loss forCaffeine
  119. Does caffeine ingestion before a short-term sprint interval training promote body fat loss?
    Ferreira GA; Felippe LC; Bertuzzi R; Bishop DJ; Ramos IS; De-Oliveira FR; Lima-Silva AE · Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas · 2020
    Randomized trial20 participantsWeight Loss forCaffeine
  120. Eight Weeks of Sprint Interval Training With Adding Caffeine Ingestion Leads to Greater Improvements in Health-Related Physiological Parameters in Obese Male Adults.
    Zhiang J; Song Q · Physiological research · 2026
    Randomized trial30 participantsWeight Loss forCaffeine
  121. Caffeine treatment prevented from weight regain after calorie shifting diet induced weight loss.
    Davoodi SH; Hajimiresmaiel SJ; Ajami M; Mohseni-Bandpei A; Ayatollahi SA; Dowlatshahi K; Javedan G; Pazoki-Toroudi H · Iranian journal of pharmaceutical research : IJPR · 2014
    Non-randomized trial60 participantsWeight Loss forCaffeine
  122. The effects of caffeine intake on weight loss: a systematic review and dos-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
    Tabrizi R; Saneei P; Lankarani KB; Akbari M; Kolahdooz F; Esmaillzadeh A; Nadi-Ravandi S; Mazoochi M; Asemi Z · Critical reviews in food science and nutrition · 2020
    Meta-analysis606 participants13 studies pooledWeight Loss forCaffeine