Product Image

Women's Complete Multivitamin

Bayer One A Day Women's
4.6
★ ★ ★ ★ ★
(8100 ratings)
Iodine 150 mcg
Iron 18 mg
Niacin 24 mg
Copper 1.35 mg
Product Image
Score79

A low-cost, broad women’s multivitamin includes meaningful iron, but unspecified forms and limited fit for iron-replete users are the main drawbacks.

How scoring works
Quantity:200 Tablet(s) • (200 servings)
Goals:
Energy
Immunity
Hair Health

Score 79

A low-cost, broad women’s multivitamin includes meaningful iron, but unspecified forms and limited fit for iron-replete users are the main drawbacks.

How scoring works
$17.48($0.08 per serving)
Walmart
$ 17.48
iHerb
$ 22.64
iHerb
$ 22.64
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Analysis

The tablet covers core vitamins and minerals at useful maintenance amounts. Iron, folate, vitamin D, iodine, zinc, and B vitamins make it especially relevant when dietary gaps contribute to low energy or inadequate intake.

Iron supports oxygen transport when status is low, but it is not an energy booster for iron-replete users. Modest calcium and magnesium mean the tablet does not replace a focused bone-mineral supplement.

Most nutrient forms are not identified, limiting assessment of absorption and tolerance. The very long package supply offers practical value, but users who do not menstruate or need iron may prefer an iron-free formula.

Who is it for
  • Menstruating adults seeking daily coverage
  • Women with a clinician-confirmed need for iron
  • Users prioritizing low-cost one-tablet use
Best for
  • General micronutrient maintenance
  • Iron-containing daily nutrition
  • Foundational energy-metabolism support

Pros

  • Broad nutrient coverage
  • Meaningful iron amount
  • One-tablet serving
  • Very economical long supply

Cons

  • Most nutrient forms are unspecified
  • Not suitable for everyone who avoids iron
  • Calcium and magnesium are modest
  • Limited targeted focus

Warnings

  • Supplemental iron may be inappropriate with iron overload or without a clear need.
  • Iron-containing tablets can be dangerous if accidentally swallowed by children and should be stored securely.
  • Iodine intake should be coordinated in people with thyroid disease or those taking thyroid medication.

Nutrient quality

76 High impact

Most nutrient forms are not specified, preventing assessment of absorption quality. Core vitamins and iron are meaningful, while calcium and magnesium are modest.

Ingredient transparency

80 High impact

Every listed active has a specific amount. Inactive ingredients are not supplied.

Customer satisfaction

71 High impact

The supplied average indicates generally favorable aggregate satisfaction. No detailed experience reports are available to identify repeated complaints or confirm perceived benefits.

Value for money

91 Highest impact

Basic coverage and a large package support strong value despite limited form detail. Serving value is highly favorable for a daily multivitamin.

Report analysis

Goals

Energy
Energy
Impact
High effect
A- Goal FitC+ Strength of SupportB- CoverageA Formula Quality
Iodine · 150 mcgVitamin D · 25 mcgVitamin B5 · 7.5 mgMagnesium · 42 mgRiboflavin · 1.95 mgThiamin · 2.4 mgVitamin B12 · 9.6 mcgIron · 18 mg

Iron and B vitamins support oxygen transport and metabolic fuel use, making the multivitamin relevant when nutritional gaps contribute to fatigue. The 18 mg iron amount is meaningful for many menstruating women but is not an energy booster for iron-replete users.

Most nutrient forms are not specified, which limits absorption assessment. People who do not need supplemental iron should account for total intake rather than use it casually for energy.

Study evidence
Iron Supportive 74 studies
Immunity
Immunity
Impact
High effect
B+ Goal FitC Strength of SupportB CoverageA- Formula Quality
Magnesium · 42 mgVitamin C · 90 mgZinc · 8 mgVitamin A · 700 mcgVitamin D · 25 mcgSelenium · 41 mcg

Vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin A, zinc, and selenium provide broad maintenance support for immune barriers and immune-cell function. The amounts are mostly suited to daily nutrition rather than short-term high-dose immune use.

Unspecified nutrient forms limit assessment of absorption quality, and several immune actives fall below the goal-specific target amounts. The 18 mg iron may be useful for people who need it but is not appropriate for everyone with adequate iron stores.

Study evidence
Iron Supportive 23 studies
Selenium Mixed 37 studies
Vitamin A Supportive 107 studies
Vitamin C Supportive 53 studies
Vitamin D Supportive 85 studies
Zinc Supportive 73 studies
Hair Health
Hair Health
Impact
High effect
B Goal FitC+ Strength of SupportB+ CoverageB- Formula Quality
Biotin · 45 mcgVitamin D · 25 mcgZinc · 8 mgIron · 18 mgVitamin C · 90 mg

Iron, zinc, vitamin D, selenium, and copper cover several nutritional deficiencies that can affect hair. The balanced maintenance amounts are more useful as broad nutritional insurance than as a targeted hair-growth treatment.

Most chemical forms are not disclosed, limiting assessment of absorption and tolerability. Preformed vitamin A can contribute to shedding when total intake becomes excessive, so other retinol sources should be considered.

Study evidence
Copper Adverse 4 studies
Iron Disputed 25 studies
Selenium Disputed 7 studies
Vitamin A Disputed 13 studies
Vitamin D Disputed 34 studies
Zinc Supportive 22 studies
Productivity Boost
Productivity Boost
Impact
Moderate effect
D+ Goal FitB- Strength of SupportD+ CoverageC- Formula Quality
Iron · 18 mgVitamin B12 · 9.6 mcgVitamin B12 · 9.6 mcgVitamin B6 · 3.4 mgZinc · 8 mgMagnesium · 42 mg

Iron and B vitamins may support energy and concentration when a dietary shortfall or iron deficiency is present. The broad multivitamin is not designed as a targeted cognitive or productivity formula.

An 18 mg iron amount is meaningful, but the supplied label data does not name its chemical form. People who do not need supplemental iron may face avoidable digestive effects or excess intake from routine use.

Study evidence
Iron Supportive 69 studies
Fitness
Fitness
Impact
Moderate effect
C- Goal FitC Strength of SupportD+ CoverageC- Formula Quality
Magnesium · 42 mgVitamin D · 25 mcg

The broad vitamin and mineral mix can fill nutritional gaps that otherwise limit energy metabolism, oxygen transport, or normal muscle function. It provides general nutritional insurance rather than a direct performance formula.

Iron, vitamin D, B vitamins, and zinc have relevant roles, but magnesium and calcium are modest and no specialized performance actives are present. The formula is most relevant to women with dietary gaps, while people who do not need iron may prefer a more targeted option.

Study evidence
Iron Supportive 81 studies
Magnesium Disputed 29 studies
Vitamin D Disputed 163 studies
Zinc Supportive 7 studies

Ingredients

IngredientAmount per serving
Vitamin A
700 mcg
Vitamin C
90 mg
Vitamin D
25 mcg
Vitamin E
15 mg
Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
 2.4 mg
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
 1.95 mg
Niacin
24 mg
Vitamin B6
3.4 mg
Folate
665 mcg DFE
Vitamin B12
9.6 mcg
Biotin
45 mcg
Pantothenic Acid
7.5 mg
Calcium
130 mg
Iron
18 mg
Iodine
150 mcg
Magnesium
42 mg
Zinc
8 mg
Selenium
41 mcg
Copper
1.35 mg
Women 18–50
Report overview
Iodine · 150 mcg OverallScore77
D- Active Ingredient Quality & BioavailabilityA+ Dose, Safety & Label TransparencyA+ Value

Missing source identity leaves both bioavailability and marine-purity risk uncertain. The 150 mcg amount matches standard daily support needs and remains below the adult upper limit. Very low serving cost partly offsets the lack of iodine-form detail.

View ingredientView products
Iron · 18 mg OverallScore76
D- Active Ingredient Quality & BioavailabilityA+ Dose, Safety & Label TransparencyA+ Value

Missing iron-form disclosure prevents a meaningful judgment of absorption and digestive tolerance. The elemental amount falls within the preferred effective and safety range. The hard-compressed tablet is less favorable for digestive comfort. A single-unit serving supports convenient use. Vitamin C plus folate and vitamin B12 provide a complete absorption and red-blood-cell cofactor profile. Serving cost provides excellent value.

View ingredientView products
Niacin · 24 mg OverallScore66
C Active Ingredient Quality & BioavailabilityD+ Dose, Safety & Label TransparencyA+ Value

The niacin amount is sensible for everyday multivitamin coverage. Its chemical form is not disclosed, so flushing potential and goal-specific suitability cannot be judged. The broad nutrient profile and low serving cost provide excellent practical value.

View ingredientView products
Loading alternative details
80 Performance

Mighty Mini

Advanced Nutrition by Zahler
<p>Methylfolate, methylcobalamin, active vitamin B6, MK-7, chelated iron, and algal DHA improve form quality and nutritional breadth over the original. The supplied label data separate some nutrient names from their forms, which makes the otherwise well-designed formula harder to read.</p>
88 Performance

Prenatal

Fairhaven Health
<p>Methylfolate, methylcobalamin, vitamin D3, beta-carotene, and zinc citrate provide more clearly specified forms than the original. Prenatal-level iron and iodine make it appropriate mainly when those higher needs apply, rather than as a default daily multi for every woman.</p>
75 Performance

Women's Petites

Bayer One A Day Women's
<p>Vitamin K and a larger calcium amount broaden the original's daily nutrient coverage while retaining iron, iodine, and core vitamins. Chemical forms are mostly unspecified, and calcium taken with iron may reduce iron absorption, so the improvement is modest.</p>
80 Budget

One Daily Women's

21st Century
<p>Broad daily coverage at a lower serving cost includes vitamin D3, iron, iodine, and substantially more calcium than the original. Several minerals use basic forms, cyanocobalamin supplies vitamin B12, and iron remains appropriate only for users who need it.</p>
77 Budget

One Daily Women's

Equate
<p>A lower-cost serving preserves broad vitamin and mineral coverage while adding vitamin K and more calcium than the original. Most nutrient forms are unspecified, so the value gain comes with less certainty about ingredient quality.</p>
78 Budget

Multi with Iron Century Formula

Swanson
<p>A broad mineral list and low serving cost make this a practical budget alternative with clearly named vitamin D3, iron, and iodine sources. Its iron amount is higher than the original and several forms are basic, so it is better suited to users with confirmed iron needs.</p>
81 Value

Sentry Women

21st Century
<p>A similar serving cost buys broader mineral coverage, including magnesium, chromium, molybdenum, and potassium, with clearly named iron and iodine forms. Magnesium and zinc use basic oxide forms, and calcium in the same tablet may compete with iron absorption.</p>
79 Value

Prenatal Multi

Nature Made
<p>Vitamin D3, iron, iodine, and broad prenatal coverage provide strong nutrient value in a simple daily tablet. The higher folate and iron amounts fit prenatal needs rather than routine use for everyone, while calcium and magnesium remain modest.</p>
78 Value

Prenatal Multivitamin/Multimineral with Folate

Spring Valley
<p>Very favorable serving value combines broad vitamins with folate, iron, iodine, calcium, and zinc. Most forms are unspecified and the prenatal iron and folate amounts require an appropriate use case, but the coverage is substantial for the cost.</p>
Report alternatives

Sources

Published studies used for the product analysis and the top-ranked studies for each ingredient and goal.

  1. Large-dose intravenous ferric carboxymaltose injection for iron deficiency anemia in heavy uterine bleeding: a randomized, controlled trial.
    Van Wyck DB; Mangione A; Morrison J; Hadley PE; Jehle JA; Goodnough LT · Transfusion · 2010
    Randomized trial477 participantsEnergy forIron
  2. Intravenous iron versus blood transfusion for postpartum anemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
    Caljé E; Groom KM; Dixon L; Marriott J; Foon R; Oyston C; Bloomfield FH; Jordan V · Systematic reviews · 2024
    Meta-analysis4,196 participantsEnergy forIron
  3. Clinical evaluation of iron treatment efficiency among non-anemic but iron-deficient female blood donors: a randomized controlled trial.
    Waldvogel S; Pedrazzini B; Vaucher P; Bize R; Cornuz J; Tissot JD; Favrat B · BMC medicine · 2012
    Randomized trial154 participantsEnergy forIron
  4. Iron deficiency, general health and fatigue: results from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health.
    Patterson AJ; Brown WJ; Powers JR; Roberts DC · Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2001
    Cohort studyEnergy forIron
  5. Association of radioactive iodine treatment with survivorship symptoms and primary care utilisation in women of reproductive age with thyroid cancer: a retrospective cohort study.
    Devanarayan P; Hartman M; Partin M · Family medicine and community health · 2026
    Cohort study10,882 participantsEnergy forIodine
  6. The Effect of Parenteral or Oral Iron Supplementation on Fatigue, Sleep, Quality of Life and Restless Legs Syndrome in Iron-Deficient Blood Donors: A Secondary Analysis of the IronWoMan RCT.
    Macher S; Herster C; Holter M; Moritz M; Matzhold EM; Stojakovic T; Pieber TR; Schlenke P; Drexler C; Amrein K · Nutrients · 2021
    Randomized trial176 participantsEnergy forIron
  7. Ferric carboxymaltose vs. oral iron in the treatment of pregnant women with iron deficiency anemia: an international, open-label, randomized controlled trial (FER-ASAP).
    Breymann C; Milman N; Mezzacasa A; Bernard R; Dudenhausen J; FER-ASAP investigators · Journal of perinatal medicine · 2018
    Randomized trial252 participantsEnergy forIron
  8. Effect of iron therapy on fatigue symptoms in non-anaemic iron deficient women of reproductive age- A Randomized Controlled Trial.
    Sultana N; Bajwa FA; Sikandar MZ; Haider MM; Majeed T · JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association · 2026
    Randomized trial164 participantsEnergy forIron
  9. Intravenous iron isomaltoside treatment of women suffering from severe fatigue after postpartum hemorrhage.
    Holm C; Thomsen LL; Langhoff-Roos J · The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians · 2019
    Randomized trial85 participantsEnergy forIron
  10. Ferric carboxymaltose in patients with heart failure and iron deficiency.
    Anker SD; Comin Colet J; Filippatos G; Willenheimer R; Dickstein K; Drexler H; Lüscher TF; Bart B; Banasiak W; Niegowska J; Kirwan BA; Mori C; von Eisenhart Rothe B; Pocock SJ; Poole-Wilson PA; Ponikowski P; FAIR-HF Trial Investigators · The New England journal of medicine · 2010
    Randomized trial459 participantsFitness forIron
  11. Marginal iron deficiency without anemia impairs aerobic adaptation among previously untrained women.
    Brownlie T; Utermohlen V; Hinton PS; Giordano C; Haas JD · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2002
    Randomized trial41 participantsFitness forIron
  12. Ferric Carboxymaltose Versus Ferrous Fumarate in Anemic Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: The POPEYE Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.
    Bevers N; Van de Vijver E; Aliu A; Rezazadeh Ardabili A; Rosias P; Stapelbroek J; Bertrams Maartens IA; van de Feen C; Escher H; Oudshoorn A; Teklenburg S; Vande Velde S; Winkens B; Raijmakers M; Vreugdenhil A; Pierik MJ; van Rheenen PF · The Journal of pediatrics · 2023
    Randomized trial64 participantsFitness forIron
  13. Daily iron supplementation for improving anaemia, iron status and health in menstruating women.
    Low MS; Speedy J; Styles CE; De-Regil LM; Pasricha SR · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2016
    Meta-analysis8,506 participants67 studies pooledFitness Productivity Boost forIron
  14. Altered metabolic response of iron-depleted nonanemic women during a 15-km time trial.
    Zhu YI; Haas JD · Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 1998
    Randomized trial37 participantsFitness forIron
  15. Total magnesium intake and risk of frailty in older women.
    Struijk EA; Fung TT; Bischoff-Ferrari HA; Willett WC; Lopez-Garcia E · Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2024
    Cohort study81,524 participantsFitness forMagnesium
  16. Dietary Magnesium May Be Protective for Aging of Bone and Skeletal Muscle in Middle and Younger Older Age Men and Women: Cross-Sectional Findings from the UK Biobank Cohort.
    Welch AA; Skinner J; Hickson M · Nutrients · 2018
    Cross-sectional study156,575 participantsFitness forMagnesium
  17. Dietary Magnesium Is Positively Associated With Skeletal Muscle Power and Indices of Muscle Mass and May Attenuate the Association Between Circulating C-Reactive Protein and Muscle Mass in Women.
    Welch AA; Kelaiditi E; Jennings A; Steves CJ; Spector TD; MacGregor A · Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research · 2016
    Cross-sectional study2,570 participantsFitness forMagnesium
  18. Nutritional intake as a determinant of high-speed resistance and multicomponent training efficacy on strength in older women at risk of sarcopenia. A randomized clinical trial.
    Polo-Ferrero L; Recio-Rodriguez JI; González-Manzano S; Martín-Vallejo J; Barbero-Iglesias FJ; Montero-Errasquín B; Cruz-Jentoft AJ; Méndez-Sánchez R · Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2025
    Randomized trial80 participantsFitness forMagnesium
  19. Minerals and Sarcopenia in Older Adults: An Updated Systematic Review.
    van Dronkelaar C; Fultinga M; Hummel M; Kruizenga H; Weijs PJM; Tieland M · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · 2023
    Systematic review45 studies pooledFitness forMagnesium Fitness forZinc
  20. Effect of Calcifediol on Physical Performance and Muscle Strength Parameters: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
    Barbagallo M; Veronese N; Di Prazza A; Pollicino F; Carruba L; La Carrubba A; Dominguez LJ · Nutrients · 2022
    Meta-analysis5,446 participants7 studies pooledFitness forVitamin D
  21. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on upper and lower body muscle strength levels in healthy individuals. A systematic review with meta-analysis.
    Tomlinson PB; Joseph C; Angioi M · Journal of science and medicine in sport · 2016
    Meta-analysis310 participants7 studies pooledFitness forVitamin D
  22. Influence of Sunlight and Oral D3 Supplementation on Serum 25(OH)D Concentration and Exercise Performance in Elite Soccer Players.
    Michalczyk MM; Gołaś A; Maszczyk A; Kaczka P; Zając A · Nutrients · 2021
    Randomized trial33 participantsFitness forVitamin D
  23. Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation in Elite Athletes: A Systematic Review.
    Wyatt PB; Reiter CR; Satalich JR; O'Neill CN; Edge C; Cyrus JW; O'Connell RS; Vap AR · Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2024
    Systematic review482 participants14 studies pooledFitness forVitamin D
  24. Association between serum vitamin D levels and cardiorespiratory fitness in the adult population of the USA.
    Marawan A; Kurbanova N; Qayyum R · European journal of preventive cardiology · 2020
    Cross-sectional study1,995 participantsFitness forVitamin D
  25. Association between composite dietary antioxidant index and handgrip strength in American adults: Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2011-2014).
    Wu D; Wang H; Wang W; Qing C; Zhang W; Gao X; Shi Y; Li Y; Zheng Z · Frontiers in nutrition · 2024
    Cross-sectional study6,019 participantsFitness forZinc
  26. Serum essential elements and muscle health in Chinese adults: a community-based study.
    Ye H; Wang D; Liu S; Yao N; Gui Z; Huang Z; Zeng Y; Liu L; Wan H; Shen J · Nutrition & metabolism · 2025
    Cross-sectional study5,389 participantsFitness forZinc
  27. [Survey of the dietary status and physical activity level and fitness of college freshmen in Chengdu].
    Han H; Lv X; Wang D · Wei sheng yan jiu = Journal of hygiene research · 2010
    Cross-sectional study1,200 participantsFitness forZinc
  28. A comprehensive review of the physiology and evidence base to guide the use of ergogenic and medical supplements for enhanced cycling performance.
    Rowland A; Edwards S; Prieto-Bellver G; Menz B; Rowland A; Cornelisse E; Karapetis CS; Wallen MP; Hopkins AM · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2026
    Narrative reviewFitness forZinc
  29. Menkes disease and response to copper histidine: An Indian case series.
    Yoganathan S; Sudhakar SV; Arunachal G; Thomas M; Subramanian A; George R; Danda S · Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology · 2022
    Case series4 participantsHair Health forCopper
  30. Trace element levels in alopecia areata.
    Bhat YJ; Manzoor S; Khan AR; Qayoom S · Indian journal of dermatology, venereology and leprology · 2009
    Case-control study100 participantsHair Health forCopper
  31. UV damage to hair and the effect of antioxidants and metal chelators.
    Millington KR; Marsh JM · International journal of cosmetic science · 2021
    In vitro / ex vivo studyHair Health forCopper
  32. Preserving fibre health: reducing oxidative stress throughout the life of the hair fibre.
    Marsh JM; Davis MG; Lucas RL; Reilman R; Styczynski PB; Li C; Mamak M; McComb DW; Williams RE; Godfrey S; Navqi KR; Chechik V · International journal of cosmetic science · 2016
    In vitro / ex vivo studyHair Health forCopper
  33. The Association Between Alopecia Areata and Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Large-Scale Population-Based Case-Control Study.
    Davidovici B; Drutin Y; Ben-Tov A; Mimouni D; Wohl Y · Journal of personalized medicine · 2026
    Case-control study100,203 participantsHair Health forIron
  34. Iron Deficiency and Nonscarring Alopecia in Women: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
    Treister-Goltzman Y; Yarza S; Peleg R · Skin appendage disorders · 2022
    Meta-analysis10,029 participants36 studies pooledHair Health forIron
  35. Comparative Analysis of Postoperative Hair Loss and Micronutrient Deficiencies After One-Anastomosis Gastric Bypass Versus Sleeve Gastrectomy.
    Chinisaz F; Maleki T; Najjari K; Miratashi Yazdi SA · Obesity surgery · 2026
    Cohort study261 participantsHair Health forIron
  36. Assessment of Serum Ferritin Levels in Female Patients With Telogen Effluvium.
    Thamotharan N; Harikumar MV; Sundaram M; Swaminathan A; Rangarajan S · Cureus · 2026
    Cross-sectional study100 participantsHair Health forIron
  37. Diagnosis and treatment of female alopecia: Focusing on the iron deficiency-related alopecia.
    Lin CS; Chan LY; Wang JH; Chang CH · Tzu chi medical journal · 2023
    Cohort study155 participantsHair Health forIron
  38. Beyond Efficacy: 0.6% Selenium Disulfide Shampoo Matches 2% Ketoconazole for Seborrheic Dermatitis with Superior Cosmesis.
    Farris PK; Barbosa V; Houshman EB; Kovylkina N · Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD · 2026
    Randomized trial87 participantsHair Health forSelenium
  39. Selenium Disulfide-based shampoo applied for 4 weeks significantly improves dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis.
    Turcu G; Artenie C; Nowicka D; Arenbergerová M; Lazaridou E; Khobzei K; Ataseven A; Part M; Leclerc-Mercier S · European journal of dermatology : EJD · 2023
    Observational study1,407 participantsHair Health forSelenium
  40. A Comparative Randomized Clinical Study Assessing the Efficacy of a 1% Selenium Disulfide-Based Shampoo versus 2% Ketoconazole Shampoo in Subjects with Moderate to Severe Scalp Seborrheic Dermatitis.
    Barbosa V; Melo DF; Vañó-Galván S; Lutchmanen-Kolanthan V; Sant'Anna B; Leclerc-Mercier S; Reygagne P · Skin appendage disorders · 2025
    Randomized trial64 participantsHair Health forSelenium
  41. Changes of serum trace elements level in patients with alopecia areata: A meta-analysis.
    Jin W; Zheng H; Shan B; Wu Y · The Journal of dermatology · 2018
    Meta-analysis764 participantsHair Health forSelenium
  42. Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for selenium.
    EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA); Turck D; Bohn T; Castenmiller J; de Henauw S; Hirsch-Ernst KI; Knutsen HK; Maciuk A; Mangelsdorf I; McArdle HJ; Peláez C; Pentieva K; Siani A; Thies F; Tsabouri S; Vinceti M; Aggett P; Crous Bou M; Cubadda F; Ciccolallo L; de Sesmaisons Lecarré A; Fabiani L; Titz A; Naska A · EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2023
    Systematic reviewHair Health forSelenium
  43. Topical tretinoin for hair growth promotion.
    Bazzano GS; Terezakis N; Galen W · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · 1986
    Non-randomized trial56 participantsHair Health forVitamin A
  44. A review of isotretinoin in the treatment of frontal fibrosing alopecia.
    Shahpar A; Nezhad NZ; Sahaf AS; Ahramiyanpour N · Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2024
    Systematic review232 participants15 studies pooledHair Health forVitamin A
  45. Efficacy of Isotretinoin and Acitretin in Treatment of Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia: Retrospective Analysis of 54 Cases.
    Rakowska A; Gradzińska A; Olszewska M; Rudnicka L · Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD · 2018
    Cohort study54 participantsHair Health forVitamin A
  46. Systemic Treatments for Lichen Planopilaris and Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia: A Retrospective Study of 315 Patients.
    Willaert M; Van Dongen T; Dikrama P; Nijsten T; Hijnen D; Waalboer-Spuij R · Acta dermato-venereologica · 2025
    Cohort study315 participantsHair Health forVitamin A
  47. Tretinoin enhances minoxidil response in androgenetic alopecia patients by upregulating follicular sulfotransferase enzymes.
    Sharma A; Goren A; Dhurat R; Agrawal S; Sinclair R; Trüeb RM; Vañó-Galván S; Chen G; Tan Y; Kovacevic M; Situm M; McCoy J · Dermatologic therapy · 2020
    Single-arm trialHair Health forVitamin A
  48. Increased prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with alopecia areata: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
    Lee S; Kim BJ; Lee CH; Lee WS · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV · 2018
    Meta-analysis2,039 participants14 studies pooledHair Health forVitamin D
  49. Intralesional vitamin D3 in treatment of alopecia areata: A randomized controlled clinical trial.
    Rashad AF; Elgamal E; Fouda I · Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2022
    Randomized trial60 participantsHair Health forVitamin D
  50. Vitamin D and its Analogs in Treatment of Mild to Moderate Alopecia Areata: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
    Alsaati AA; Kaliyadan F; Alsaadoun D; Alzakry LM; Alzabadin RA; Hakami TH; Rubaian NFB · Indian dermatology online journal · 2025
    Meta-analysisHair Health forVitamin D
  51. Topical calcipotriol vs narrowband ultraviolet B in treatment of alopecia areata: a randomized-controlled trial.
    El Taieb MA; Hegazy EM; Ibrahim HM; Osman AB; Abualhamd M · Archives of dermatological research · 2020
    Randomized trial60 participantsHair Health forVitamin D
  52. Serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D in non-scarring alopecia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
    Chen Y; Dong X; Wang Y; Li Y; Xiong L; Li L · Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2024
    Meta-analysis10,670 participants23 studies pooledHair Health forVitamin D
  53. The effects of minoxidil, 1% pyrithione zinc and a combination of both on hair density: a randomized controlled trial.
    Berger RS; Fu JL; Smiles KA; Turner CB; Schnell BM; Werchowski KM; Lammers KM · The British journal of dermatology · 2003
    Randomized trial200 participantsHair Health forZinc
  54. Incubatory environment of the scalp impacts pre-emergent hair to affect post-emergent hair cuticle integrity.
    Schwartz JR; Henry JP; Kerr KM; Flagler MJ; Page SH; Redman-Furey N · Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2018
    Randomized trialHair Health forZinc
  55. A comparison of hair quality and cosmetic acceptance following the use of two anti-dandruff shampoos.
    Draelos ZD; Kenneally DC; Hodges LT; Billhimer W; Copas M; Margraf C · The journal of investigative dermatology. Symposium proceedings · 2006
    Randomized trial40 participantsHair Health forZinc
  56. BMI and levels of zinc, copper in hair, serum and urine of Turkish male patients with androgenetic alopecia.
    Ozturk P; Kurutas E; Ataseven A; Dokur N; Gumusalan Y; Gorur A; Tamer L; Inaloz S · Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS) · 2015
    Case-control study216 participantsHair Health forZinc
  57. Analysis of serum zinc and copper concentrations in hair loss.
    Kil MS; Kim CW; Kim SS · Annals of dermatology · 2013
    Case-control study342 participantsHair Health forZinc
  58. The immune response in iron-deficient children: Impaired cellular defense mechanisms with altered humoral components.
    Macdougall LG; Anderson R; McNab GM; Katz J · The Journal of pediatrics · 1975
    Single-arm trial27 participantsImmunity forIron
  59. The role of iron homeostasis in remodeling immune function and regulating inflammatory disease.
    Mu Q; Chen L; Gao X; Shen S; Sheng W; Min J; Wang F · Science bulletin · 2023
    Narrative reviewImmunity forIron
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    Ganz T · Current topics in microbiology and immunology · 2006
    Narrative reviewImmunity forIron
  61. Adaptive immunity and vaccination - iron in the spotlight.
    Preston AE; Drakesmith H; Frost JN · Immunotherapy advances · 2025
    Narrative reviewImmunity forIron
  62. Buried Treasure: Evolutionary Perspectives on Microbial Iron Piracy.
    Barber MF; Elde NC · Trends in genetics : TIG · 2016
    Narrative reviewImmunity forIron
  63. Effects of selenium supplementation on selenoprotein gene expression and response to influenza vaccine challenge: a randomised controlled trial.
    Goldson AJ; Fairweather-Tait SJ; Armah CN; Bao Y; Broadley MR; Dainty JR; Furniss C; Hart DJ; Teucher B; Hurst R · PloS one · 2011
    Randomized trial119 participantsImmunity forSelenium
  64. Effect of selenium on immune response against hepatitis B vaccine with accelerated method in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients.
    Janbakhsh A; Mansouri F; Vaziri S; Sayad B; Afsharian M; Rahimi M; Shahebrahimi K; Salari F · Caspian journal of internal medicine · 2013
    Randomized trial62 participantsImmunity forSelenium
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    Yu SY; Li WG; Zhu YJ; Yu WP; Hou C · Biological trace element research · 1990
    Non-randomized trial20,847 participantsImmunity forSelenium
  66. Selenium nanoparticles as adjunctive therapy in sepsis: A pilot randomized clinical trial.
    Gu WJ; Huang W; Zhao FZ; Yuan XK; Jin K; Chen JL; Zhang CY; Huang Y; He L; Zhuang H; Yin HY; Chen T · Drug resistance updates : reviews and commentaries in antimicrobial and anticancer chemotherapy · 2026
    Randomized trial70 participantsImmunity forSelenium
  67. Selenium supplementation in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis decreases thyroid peroxidase antibodies concentrations.
    Gärtner R; Gasnier BC; Dietrich JW; Krebs B; Angstwurm MW · The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2002
    Randomized trial70 participantsImmunity forSelenium
  68. Depressed immune response to tetanus in children with vitamin A deficiency.
    Semba RD; Muhilal; Scott AL; Natadisastra G; Wirasasmita S; Mele L; Ridwan E; West KP; Sommer A · The Journal of nutrition · 1992
    Randomized trial236 participantsImmunity forVitamin A
  69. Impact of a single megadose of vitamin A at delivery on breastmilk of mothers and morbidity of their infants.
    Roy SK; Islam A; Molla A; Akramuzzaman SM; Jahan F; Fuchs G · European journal of clinical nutrition · 1997
    Randomized trial50 participantsImmunity forVitamin A
  70. Vitamin A supplementation reduces measles morbidity in young African children: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial.
    Coutsoudis A; Broughton M; Coovadia HM · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 1991
    Randomized trial60 participantsImmunity forVitamin A
  71. Vitamin A supplementation enhances specific IgG antibody levels and total lymphocyte numbers while improving morbidity in measles.
    Coutsoudis A; Kiepiela P; Coovadia HM; Broughton M · The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 1992
    Randomized trial60 participantsImmunity forVitamin A
  72. Vitamin A supplementation reduces the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 intestinal immune response of Mexican children.
    Long KZ; Santos JI; Estrada Garcia T; Haas M; Firestone M; Bhagwat J; Dupont HL; Hertzmark E; Rosado JL; Nanthakumar NN · The Journal of nutrition · 2006
    Randomized trial127 participantsImmunity forVitamin A
  73. Vitamin C and contribution to the normal function of the immune system: evaluation of a health claim pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006.
    EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) · EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2026
    Guideline / consensusImmunity forVitamin C
  74. Therapeutic effects of high-dose vitamin C supplementation in patients with COVID-19: a meta-analysis.
    Sun L; Zhao JH; Fan WY; Feng B; Liu WW; Chen RQ; Ban C; Dang AG; Wang M; Luo KT; Zhou GY; Yu FF; Ba Y · Nutrition reviews · 2024
    Meta-analysis2,334 participants14 studies pooledImmunity forVitamin C
  75. Effect of micronutrient supplements on influenza and other respiratory tract infections among adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
    Abioye AI; Bromage S; Fawzi W · BMJ global health · 2021
    Meta-analysisImmunity forVitamin C
  76. New evidence for antioxidant properties of vitamin C.
    Vojdani A; Bazargan M; Vojdani E; Wright J · Cancer detection and prevention · 2001
    Randomized trial20 participantsImmunity forVitamin C
  77. Enhanced Vitamin C Delivery: A Systematic Literature Review Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of Alternative Supplement Forms in Healthy Adults.
    Calder PC; Kreider RB; McKay DL · Nutrients · 2025
    Systematic review13 studies pooledImmunity forVitamin C
  78. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: individual participant data meta-analysis.
    Martineau AR; Jolliffe DA; Greenberg L; Aloia JF; Bergman P; Dubnov-Raz G; Esposito S; Ganmaa D; Ginde AA; Goodall EC; Grant CC; Janssens W; Jensen ME; Kerley CP; Laaksi I; Manaseki-Holland S; Mauger D; Murdoch DR; Neale R; Rees JR; Simpson S; Stelmach I; Trilok Kumar G; Urashima M; Camargo CA; Griffiths CJ; Hooper RL · Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) · 2020
    Meta-analysis11,321 participants25 studies pooledImmunity forVitamin D
  79. Association Between Vitamin D and Influenza: Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.
    Zhu Z; Zhu X; Gu L; Zhan Y; Chen L; Li X · Frontiers in nutrition · 2022
    Meta-analysis4,859 participants10 studies pooledImmunity forVitamin D
  80. Vitamin D3 and deconvoluting a rash.
    Ernst MK; Evans ST; Techner JM; Rothbaum RM; Christensen LF; Onay UV; Biyashev D; Demczuk MM; Nguyen CV; Honda KS; McCormick TS; Tsoi LC; Gudjonsson JE; Cooper KD; Lu KQ · JCI insight · 2023
    Randomized trial28 participantsImmunity forVitamin D
  81. Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on cellular immunity and inflammatory markers in COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU.
    Bychinin MV; Klypa TV; Mandel IA; Yusubalieva GM; Baklaushev VP; Kolyshkina NA; Troitsky AV · Scientific reports · 2022
    Randomized trial110 participantsImmunity forVitamin D
  82. Current opinion on the role of vitamin D supplementation in respiratory infections and asthma/COPD exacerbations: A need to establish publication guidelines for overcoming the unpublished data.
    Anitua E; Tierno R; Alkhraisat MH · Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2022
    Meta-analysis50,554 participants65 studies pooledImmunity forVitamin D
  83. Nutrient supplementation for prevention of viral respiratory tract infections in healthy subjects: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
    Vlieg-Boerstra B; de Jong N; Meyer R; Agostoni C; De Cosmi V; Grimshaw K; Milani GP; Muraro A; Oude Elberink H; Pali-Schöll I; Roduit C; Sasaki M; Skypala I; Sokolowska M; van Splunter M; Untersmayr E; Venter C; O'Mahony L; Nwaru BI · Allergy · 2022
    Meta-analysis199,055 participants115 studies pooledImmunity forZinc
  84. Zinc supplementation reduces the incidence of acute lower respiratory infections in infants and preschool children: a double-blind, controlled trial.
    Sazawal S; Black RE; Jalla S; Mazumdar S; Sinha A; Bhan MK · Pediatrics · 1998
    Randomized trial609 participantsImmunity forZinc
  85. A randomized controlled trial of zinc supplementation in the treatment of acute respiratory tract infection in Thai children.
    Rerksuppaphol S; Rerksuppaphol L · Pediatric reports · 2020
    Randomized trial64 participantsImmunity forZinc
  86. The effect of zinc and vitamin A supplementation on immune response in an older population.
    Fortes C; Forastiere F; Agabiti N; Fano V; Pacifici R; Virgili F; Piras G; Guidi L; Bartoloni C; Tricerri A; Zuccaro P; Ebrahim S; Perucci CA · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 1998
    Randomized trial136 participantsImmunity forZinc
  87. The role of specific nutrients in preventing immune system and blood cell disorders: an umbrella review.
    Vecchietti A; Strano P; Minutolo G; Grieco V; Cappuccio G; Granvillano G; Confalonieri L; Briganti GL; Raso E; Chimienti M; Pellegrini M; Mercogliano M; Spatari G; Lugli C; Urbano T; Lorenzon A · Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene · 2026
    Systematic review13 studies pooledImmunity forZinc
  88. Effects of daily iron supplementation in primary-school-aged children: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
    Low M; Farrell A; Biggs BA; Pasricha SR · CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2014
    Meta-analysis7,089 participants32 studies pooledProductivity Boost forIron
  89. Consumption of Iron-Biofortified Beans Positively Affects Cognitive Performance in 18- to 27-Year-Old Rwandan Female College Students in an 18-Week Randomized Controlled Efficacy Trial.
    Murray-Kolb LE; Wenger MJ; Scott SP; Rhoten SE; Lung'aho MG; Haas JD · The Journal of nutrition · 2017
    Randomized trial150 participantsProductivity Boost forIron
  90. Functional consequences of iron supplementation in iron-deficient female cotton mill workers in Beijing, China.
    Li R; Chen X; Yan H; Deurenberg P; Garby L; Hautvast JG · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 1994
    Randomized trial80 participantsProductivity Boost forIron
  91. The Effect of Iron-Fortified Lentils on Blood and Cognitive Status among Adolescent Girls in Bangladesh.
    Barnett AL; Wenger MJ; Yunus FM; Jalal C; DellaValle DM · Nutrients · 2023
    Randomized trial359 participantsProductivity Boost forIron