Product Image

Formula VM-2000

Solgar
4.9
★ ★ ★ ★ ★
(251 ratings)
Iodine 150 mcg
Manganese 2 mg
Copper 1.5 mg
Thiamin 100 mg
Vitamin B6 90 mg
Vitamin B5 100 mg
Molybdenum 50 mcg
Product Image
Score58
A very high-potency multi with broad coverage and some useful forms. Excessive B6 and niacin plus confusing label duplication make long-term routine use hard to justify.
How scoring works
Quantity:180 Tablet(s) • (90 servings)
Goals:
Energy

Score 58

A very high-potency multi with broad coverage and some useful forms. Excessive B6 and niacin plus confusing label duplication make long-term routine use hard to justify.
How scoring works
$40.69($0.45 per serving)
iHerb
$ 40.69
Pure Formulas
$ 46.49
Daily Vita
$ 51.14
Vitacost
$ 40.69
Report prices

Analysis

The formula provides extensive vitamin coverage, mixed mineral forms, iron, iodine, carotenoids, and a large whole-food and herbal blend. Calcium ascorbate, some glycinate minerals, and natural-source vitamin E are useful form choices.

Vitamin B6 and niacin are extremely high for routine daily use, while vitamin D is D2 and calcium and magnesium remain modest. Repeated source entries, an invalid-looking zinc form label, and an opaque whole-food blend make the panel difficult to interpret.

It may suit experienced users seeking a high-potency two-tablet multi for limited, deliberate use. Most adults will get a better risk-to-benefit balance from lower B6 and niacin with clearer ingredient accounting.

Who is it for
  • Experienced adults deliberately seeking a high-potency multivitamin
  • Users who can review cumulative nutrient intake carefully
Best for
  • Broad short-term micronutrient coverage
  • High-potency B-complex supplementation when specifically indicated

Pros

  • Extensive vitamin and trace-mineral coverage
  • Includes several glycinate mineral forms
  • Natural-source vitamin E
  • Two-tablet serving

Cons

  • Vitamin B6 and niacin are excessive
  • Uses vitamin D2
  • Calcium and magnesium are modest
  • Confusing duplicate source lines
  • Opaque whole-food and herbal blend

Warnings

  • Vitamin B6 at 90 mg plus added P5P may cause nerve symptoms with prolonged use.
  • Niacin at 100 mg may cause flushing and may affect liver or glucose management.
  • Iron may cause digestive effects and is unnecessary for many adults.
  • Soy ingredients matter for users with soy allergy.
  • High beta-carotene supplementation is not appropriate for current or former smokers.

Nutrient quality

56 Moderate impact

Buffered vitamin C, natural vitamin E, some chelated minerals, and P-5-P are positives, but several forms are basic. Very high B6, niacin, thiamine, and vitamin E amounts make the formula poorly balanced for routine long-term use.

Ingredient transparency

57 Moderate impact

Most actives have amounts, but duplicated forms and a partially hidden whole-food blend reduce clarity. The whole-food and herbal blend hides its individual ingredients and doses; daily directions and a complete inactive-ingredient list are not supplied.

Customer satisfaction

67 High impact

The supplied rating is strong, with limited volume behind it. Detailed feedback themes are absent, leaving repeated complaints and purpose fit uncertain.

Value for money

52 Moderate impact

Some premium forms add value, but aggressive dosing and label ambiguity weaken quality. The serving cost is moderate, though the formula is less usable for routine maintenance.

Report analysis

Goals

Energy
Energy
Impact
High effect
B+ Goal FitC+ Strength of SupportC+ CoverageB- Formula Quality
Iodine · 150 mcgVitamin D · 10 mcgVitamin B5 · 100 mgMagnesium · 30 mgRiboflavin · 100 mgThiamin · 100 mgVitamin B12 · 100 mcgIron · 10 mgPotassium · 10 mg

High-potency thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, pantothenic acid, iodine, iron, and a broad nutrient base support metabolic energy pathways. The formula provides substantial B-vitamin amounts within a general multivitamin.

Vitamin B12 is below the rubric's higher target, magnesium is low, and several forms are conventional or mixed with less favorable sources. The high vitamin B6 amount may raise the risk of nerve symptoms with prolonged daily use.

Study evidence
Iodine Adverse 3 studies
Iron Supportive 74 studies
Magnesium Supportive 4 studies
Riboflavin Mixed 6 studies
Thiamin Disputed 12 studies
Detoxification
Detoxification
Impact
Moderate effect
C- Goal FitC Strength of SupportC CoverageD+ Formula Quality
Folate · 666 mcg DFEVitamin B12 · 100 mcgVitamin B6 · 20 mgMolybdenum · 50 mcgSelenium · 25 mcgMagnesium · 30 mgVitamin E · 134 mgZinc · 15 mgVitamin C · 300 mgCholine · 41 mgRiboflavin · 100 mg

Molybdenum, selenium, vitamin C, B vitamins, choline, and a small glutathione amount provide broad but uneven metabolic support. The glutathione dose is token-sized, and the whole-food blend is not individually disclosed.

Several nutrient forms are named, but the zinc entry is inconsistent and much of the herbal content is hidden. Vitamin B6 is very high, so prolonged use can increase the risk of peripheral nerve injury.

Study evidence
Choline Supportive 6 studies
Molybdenum Adverse 1 study
Selenium Supportive 10 studies
Vitamin C Supportive 9 studies
Zinc Supportive 30 studies
Hair Health
Hair Health
Impact
Moderate effect
D+ Goal FitC- Strength of SupportD+ CoverageC Formula Quality
Biotin · 100 mcgVitamin D · 10 mcgZinc · 15 mgIron · 10 mgVitamin C · 300 mg

Vitamin D, zinc, selenium, iodine, biotin, and B vitamins offer broad nutritional support for follicles. The multivitamin lacks keratin, meaningful sulfur amino acids, a high-quality silicon source, or a direct hormonal hair-loss ingredient.

Several maintenance nutrients are present, but hair-relevant doses and forms are uneven. Benefits are mainly expected when the formula corrects a dietary shortfall.

Study evidence
Biotin Supportive 4 studies
Iodine No effect 1 study
Selenium Disputed 7 studies
Vitamin D Disputed 34 studies
Zinc Supportive 22 studies
Bone Health
Bone Health
Impact
Moderate effect
C Goal FitD Strength of SupportD CoverageD- Formula Quality
Magnesium · 30 mgCalcium · 65 mgVitamin D · 10 mcgCopper · 1.5 mgManganese · 2 mgBoron · 1 mgZinc · 15 mgVitamin C · 300 mg

Boron, copper, manganese, and vitamin D add some support for bone metabolism and matrix maintenance. Several minerals include glycinate chelates, which is a useful formulation detail.

Calcium, magnesium, vitamin D, and boron are all too modest to create a strong skeletal foundation. The extensive B-vitamin and general wellness profile makes bone health a secondary function.

Study evidence
Boron Supportive 5 studies
Calcium Supportive 144 studies
Copper Disputed 20 studies
Magnesium Supportive 48 studies
Manganese Adverse 12 studies
Vitamin D Supportive 202 studies
Metabolism Boost
Metabolism Boost
Impact
Moderate effect
D+ Goal FitD Strength of SupportD+ CoverageD Formula Quality
Biotin · 100 mcgNiacin · 100 mgVitamin B12 · 100 mcgRiboflavin · 100 mgThiamin · 100 mgVitamin B5 · 100 mgVitamin B6 · 20 mgVitamin D · 10 mcgZinc · 15 mgMagnesium · 30 mg

Iodine, B vitamins, chromium, magnesium, and selenium provide broad but mostly indirect metabolic support. The high-potency multivitamin lacks a direct thermogenic or substantial mitochondrial specialty active.

Chromium, magnesium, selenium, and choline are too modest to match the very high B-vitamin profile. The 90 mg B6 amount may increase nerve-symptom risk with prolonged daily use, especially when combined with other B6 supplements.

Study evidence
Chromium Supportive 47 studies
Iodine Mixed 17 studies
Magnesium Supportive 61 studies
Selenium Mixed 28 studies
Vitamin B6 Supportive 16 studies
Zinc Supportive 12 studies

Ingredients

IngredientAmount per serving
Vitamin A (Beta-Carotene)
 6000 mcg DFE
Vitamin C (Calcium Ascorbate)
 300 mg
Vitamin D (Ergocalciferol)
 10 mcg
Vitamin E (D-Alpha-Tocopheryl Succinate)
 134 mg
Thiamine (Thiamine Mononitrate)
 100 mg
Riboflavin
100 mg
Niacin (Niacinamide)
 100 mg
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Hydrochloride)
 90 mg
Folate
666 mcg DFE
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
 100 mcg
Biotin
100 mcg
Pantothenic Acid (D-Calcium Pantothenate)
 100 mg
Choline (Choline Bitartrate)
 41 mg
Calcium (Calcium Ascorbate, Calcium Carbonate, Calcium D-Pantothenate, Calcium Glycinate Amino Acid Chelate, Dicalcium Phosphate)
 65 mg
Iron (Ferrous Sulfate, Iron Bisglycinate)
 10 mg
Iodine (Potassium Iodide)
 150 mcg
Magnesium (Magnesium Glycinate Amino Acid Chelate, Magnesium Oxide)
 30 mg
Zinc (DELETE, Zinc Oxide)
 15 mg
Selenium (L-Selenomethionine)
 25 mcg
Copper (Copper Gluconate, Copper Glycinate Amino Acid Chelate)
 1.5 mg
Manganese (Manganese Gluconate, Manganese Glycinate Amino Acid Chelate)
 2 mg
Chromium (Chromium Nicotinate Glycinate Chelate, Chromium Picolinate)
 25 mcg
Molybdenum (Molybdenum Glycinate Amino Acid Chelate)
 50 mcg
Potassium (Potassium Amino Acid Chelate, Potassium Chloride)
 10 mg
Inositol
100 mg
Citrus Bioflavonoid Complex
25 mg
Betaine HCl
25 mg
Pyridoxal 5-Phosphate
20 mg
Soy Lecithin
20 mg
L-Glutathione
5 mg
Boron (Boron Amino Acid Complex)
 1 mg
Carotenoid Mix (Alpha-Carotene, Beta-Carotene, Cryptoxanthin, Lutein, Zeaxanthin)
 229 mcg
Whole Food/Herbal Blend Complex
260 mg
Soy Protein isolate
200 mg
Adults 18–50 Vegan Kosher Dairy Free Sugar Free Women Vegetarian
Report overview
Iodine (Potassium Iodide) · 150 mcg OverallScore95
A+ Active Ingredient Quality & BioavailabilityA+ Dose, Safety & Label TransparencyB+ Value

Provides 150 mcg of iodine from potassium iodide, placing the daily amount within the intended maintenance range. Potassium iodide offers a stable, water-soluble source with little concern about marine contamination. The 2-tablet serving is manageable and the cost remains competitive.

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Manganese (Manganese Gluconate, Manganese Glycinate Amino Acid Chelate) · 2 mg OverallScore86
A Active Ingredient Quality & BioavailabilityA- Dose, Safety & Label TransparencyB+ Value

A blend of glycinate chelate and gluconate offers strong absorption potential, though the proportions are not disclosed. The clearly stated dose suits nutritional maintenance but falls below the targeted bone and joint support range. A favorable serving cost gives good value within the broader formula.

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Copper (Copper Gluconate, Copper Glycinate Amino Acid Chelate) · 1.5 mg OverallScore77
C- Active Ingredient Quality & BioavailabilityA Dose, Safety & Label TransparencyB+ Value

Copper gluconate is a common form with less absorption appeal than premium chelates, although the label clearly states its identity and amount. The copper amount matches the collection benchmark, while the zinc balance sits just outside the preferred range. The broad formula is priced near the collection norm and provides reasonable value.

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Loading alternative details
77 Performance

Super 1 Daily

Carlson
<p>Broad vitamin coverage and several chelated minerals are presented with clear total amounts in a once-daily format. Compared with the original, the clearer or more purposeful core improves ingredient quality and usability; however, high vitamin A and vitamin E plus magnesium oxide reduce balance.</p>
77 Performance

Prenatal Essentials Chewable

Seeking Health
<p>Active B vitamins, chelated minerals, and a clearly disclosed prenatal nutrient range improve form quality and transparency. Compared with the original, the clearer or more purposeful core improves ingredient quality and usability; however, the iron-free prenatal design is specialized and carries a comparatively high serving cost.</p>
69 Performance

Mega-One

Source Naturals
<p>Vitamin D3, buffered vitamin C, natural vitamin E, and several useful mineral forms provide broad one-tablet coverage. Compared with the original, the clearer or more purposeful core improves ingredient quality and usability; however, high B6, niacin, thiamin, riboflavin, and manganese reduce its fit for routine use.</p>
66 Budget

Formula VM-75

Solgar
<p>A broad vitamin base and several chelated minerals provide substantial micronutrient coverage. Its lower serving cost improves affordability compared with the original, although very high B-vitamin amounts, especially B6, are a poor fit for automatic long-term use.</p>
71 Budget

Vegan Prenatal Multivitamin & Mineral

DEVA
<p>Iron, iodine, folate, zinc, and broad vitamins provide a purpose-built vegan prenatal base. Its lower serving cost improves affordability compared with the original, although vitamin D2, folic acid, cyanocobalamin, oxide minerals, and low choline weaken form quality and focus.</p>
67 Budget

Alive! Women's Ultra Potency Complete Multivitamin

Nature's Way
<p>Broad one-tablet coverage includes iron and iodine at a low serving cost. Its lower serving cost improves affordability compared with the original, although weaker mineral forms and numerous tiny proprietary blends limit precision.</p>
68 Value

Immune One

Bluebonnet
<p>Vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, methylfolate, methylcobalamin, and MK-7 provide focused immune and general-health support. The ingredient profile and serving economics offer a stronger quality-to-cost balance than the original, although hidden immune and enzyme blends and light supporting-mineral amounts limit full assessment.</p>
67 Value

Mega-One No Iron

Source Naturals
<p>Vitamin D3, buffered vitamin C, natural vitamin E, and several chelated minerals support broad iron-free coverage. The ingredient profile and serving economics offer a stronger quality-to-cost balance than the original, although folic acid, cyanocobalamin, magnesium oxide, and unusually high B vitamins weaken routine-use balance.</p>
65 Value

Iron-Free Formula VM-75

Solgar
<p>Broad vitamins and several chelated minerals provide substantial iron-free coverage at a low serving cost. The ingredient profile and serving economics offer a stronger quality-to-cost balance than the original, although very high B-vitamin amounts and modest vitamin D, magnesium, and calcium limit daily balance.</p>
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Sources

Published studies used for the product analysis and the top-ranked studies for each ingredient and goal.

  1. Effect of intravenous thiamine administration on critically ill patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
    Nakanishi N; Abe Y; Matsuo M; Tampo A; Yamada K; Hatakeyama J; Yoshida M; Yamamoto R; Higashibeppu N; Nakamura K; Kotani J · Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2024
    Meta-analysis3,494 participants35 studies pooledMetabolism Boost forThiamin
  2. Physiological and performance responses to supplementation with thiamin and pantothenic acid derivatives.
    Webster MJ · European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology · 1998
    Randomized trial6 participantsMetabolism Boost forVitamin B5
  3. Relationship of Choline Intake with Biomarkers of Liver Health by Genotype-A Cross-Sectional Analysis.
    Wallace TC; Cowan-Pyle AE; Klatt KC; Bailey RL · The Journal of nutrition · 2025
    Cross-sectional study1,438 participantsDetoxification forCholine
  4. Baseline measurements of cellular respiration affect the response to thiamine treatment in post-arrest patients.
    Vine J; Lee JH; Simpson MD; Grossestreuer AV; Sorour K; Zubair MM; Moskowitz A; Berg KM; Liu X; Donnino MW · Resuscitation · 2026
    Randomized trial74 participantsMetabolism Boost forThiamin
  5. Choline and contribution to normal liver function of the foetus and exclusively breastfed infants: evaluation of a health claim pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006.
    EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food allergens (NDA); Turck D; Bohn T; Castenmiller J; De Henauw S; Hirsch-Ernst KI; Knutsen HK; Maciuk A; Mangelsdorf I; McArdle HJ; Naska A; Pentieva K; Thies F; Tsabouri S; Vinceti M; Bresson JL; Fiolet T; Siani A · EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2024
    Guideline / consensusDetoxification forCholine
  6. Apolipoprotein E and sex modulate fatty acid metabolism in a prospective observational study of cognitive decline.
    González-Domínguez R; Castellano-Escuder P; Lefèvre-Arbogast S; Low DY; Du Preez A; Ruigrok SR; Lee H; Helmer C; Pallàs M; Urpi-Sarda M; Sánchez-Pla A; Korosi A; Lucassen PJ; Aigner L; Manach C; Thuret S; Samieri C; Andres-Lacueva C · Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2022
    Observational studyMetabolism Boost forVitamin B5
  7. Adiposity May Moderate the Link Between Choline Intake and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.
    Mazidi M; Katsiki N; Mikhailidis DP; Banach M · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · 2020
    Cross-sectional study20,643 participantsDetoxification forCholine
  8. Plasma vitamin profiles and their associations with metabolic health and mental wellbeing in midlife Asian women.
    Tan KML; Tint MT; Cabral RM; Lau R; Kee MZL; Garg V; De Iorio M; Tan SSL; Eriksson JG · Scientific reports · 2026
    Cohort study662 participantsMetabolism Boost forThiamin
  9. Exploring auxotrophy and engineering vitamin B6 prototrophy in the acetogen Clostridium sp. AWRP.
    Kwon SJ; Lee J; Lee HS · Applied and environmental microbiology · 2024
    Clinical trialMetabolism Boost forVitamin B5
  10. Choline and Choline-Related Metabolites in Pediatric Short Bowel Syndrome.
    Hilberath J; Shunova A; Heister L; Poets CF; Bernhard W · Nutrients · 2026
    Observational study80 participantsDetoxification forCholine
  11. Neurological, Psychiatric, and Biochemical Aspects of Thiamine Deficiency in Children and Adults.
    Dhir S; Tarasenko M; Napoli E; Giulivi C · Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026
    Narrative reviewMetabolism Boost forThiamin
  12. Pantothenate utilization by Plasmodium as a target for antimalarial chemotherapy.
    Spry C; van Schalkwyk DA; Strauss E; Saliba KJ · Infectious disorders drug targets · 2010
    Narrative reviewMetabolism Boost forVitamin B5
  13. 1H MR Spectroscopy at 3T for Hepatic Choline Quantification in Healthy Young Women: A Translational Imaging Study with Dietary Correlation.
    Hawesa H; Alghamdi R; Allam H; Alfaifi B; Alrabiah N; Alghumaiz M; Shanawani M; Alshegri H; Hassan MG · Current medical imaging · 2026
    Cohort study88 participantsDetoxification forCholine
  14. High-resolution plasma metabolomics and thiamine status in critically Ill adult patients.
    Gundogan K; Nellis MM; Ozer NT; Ergul SS; Sahin GG; Temel S; Yuksel RC; Teeny S; Alvarez JA; Sungur M; Jones DP; Ziegler TR · Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society · 2024
    Cross-sectional study76 participantsMetabolism Boost forThiamin
  15. Pantothenate synthetase is essential but not limiting for pantothenate biosynthesis in Arabidopsis.
    Jonczyk R; Ronconi S; Rychlik M; Genschel U · Plant molecular biology · 2008
    OtherMetabolism Boost forVitamin B5
  16. Pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment of beriberi after gastric surgery.
    Wilson RB · Nutrition reviews · 2021
    Narrative reviewMetabolism Boost forThiamin
  17. Optimum nutrition: thiamin, biotin and pantothenate.
    Bender DA · The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society · 1999
    Narrative reviewMetabolism Boost forVitamin B5
  18. Insights Into Thiamine Supplementation in Patients With Septic Shock.
    Costa NA; Pereira AG; Sugizaki CSA; Vieira NM; Garcia LR; de Paiva SAR; Zornoff LAM; Azevedo PS; Polegato BF; Minicucci MF · Frontiers in medicine · 2022
    Narrative reviewMetabolism Boost forThiamin
  19. Serum metabolites of hypertension among Chinese adolescents aged 12-17 years.
    Sun J; Ding W; Liu X; Zhao M; Xi B · Journal of human hypertension · 2022
    Other77 participantsMetabolism Boost forVitamin B5
  20. Thiamine-dependent processes and treatment strategies in neurodegeneration.
    Gibson GE; Blass JP · Antioxidants & redox signaling · 2007
    Narrative reviewMetabolism Boost forThiamin
  21. Metabolic profiles of exercise in patients with McArdle disease or mitochondrial myopathy.
    Delaney NF; Sharma R; Tadvalkar L; Clish CB; Haller RG; Mootha VK · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2018
    OtherMetabolism Boost forVitamin B5
  22. Thiamine-responsive inborn errors of metabolism.
    Duran M; Wadman SK · Journal of inherited metabolic disease · 1985
    Narrative reviewMetabolism Boost forThiamin
  23. Dual-omics analysis reveals B vitamin regulation and metabolism in Areca Catechu inflorescence.
    Jiang W; Liu X; Li W; Yang J; Li P; Xie M; Zhou G · BMC genomics · 2026
    OtherMetabolism Boost forVitamin B5
  24. [Comparative study of the urinary excretion of boron, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in postmenopausal women with and without osteoporosis].
    José Ramón V; Mora Mora M; Marino Alarcón O; Hernández G; Josefina Linares L; Urdaneta Romero H; Arévalo González E · Investigacion clinica · 2013
    Case-control study45 participantsBone Health forBoron
  25. Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women.
    Nielsen FH; Hunt CD; Mullen LM; Hunt JR · FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 1987
    Single-arm trial12 participantsBone Health forBoron
  26. The relationship between boron and magnesium status and bone mineral density in the human: a review.
    Volpe SL; Taper LJ; Meacham S · Magnesium research · 1994
    Narrative reviewBone Health forBoron
  27. Effects of boron supplementation on bone mineral density and dietary, blood, and urinary calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and boron in female athletes.
    Meacham SL; Taper LJ; Volpe SL · Environmental health perspectives · 1995
    Randomized trial28 participantsBone Health forBoron
  28. Metabolic responses of postmenopausal women to supplemental dietary boron and aluminum during usual and low magnesium intake: boron, calcium, and magnesium absorption and retention and blood mineral concentrations
    C D Hunt, J L Herbel, F H Nielsen · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · 1997
    Non-randomized trial11 participantsBone Health forBoron
  29. What is the impact of daily oral supplementation of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) plus calcium on the incidence of hip fracture in older people? A systematic review and meta-analysis.
    Manoj P; Derwin R; George S · International journal of older people nursing · 2023
    Meta-analysis12,620 participants7 studies pooledBone Health forCalcium
  30. Calcium supplementation prevents seasonal bone loss and changes in biochemical markers of bone turnover in elderly New England women: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.
    Storm D; Eslin R; Porter ES; Musgrave K; Vereault D; Patton C; Kessenich C; Mohan S; Chen T; Holick MF; Rosen CJ · The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 1998
    Randomized trial60 participantsBone Health forCalcium
  31. The effects of calcium supplementation (milk powder or tablets) and exercise on bone density in postmenopausal women.
    Prince R; Devine A; Dick I; Criddle A; Kerr D; Kent N; Price R; Randell A · Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research · 1995
    Randomized trial168 participantsBone Health forCalcium
  32. The efficacy of calcium supplementation alone in elderly Thai women over a 2-year period: a randomized controlled trial.
    Rajatanavin R; Chailurkit L; Saetung S; Thakkinstian A; Nimitphong H · Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2014
    Randomized trial404 participantsBone Health forCalcium
  33. Calcium-enriched foods and bone mass growth in prepubertal girls: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
    Bonjour JP; Carrie AL; Ferrari S; Clavien H; Slosman D; Theintz G; Rizzoli R · The Journal of clinical investigation · 1997
    Randomized trial149 participantsBone Health forCalcium
  34. The Association between Dietary and Circulating Copper Levels and Osteoporosis: a Scoping Review.
    Ju Y; Xiong W; Pang Y; Chen Z; Hou J; Zheng S; Li Z; Liu T; Xia H; Xia M; Zhong Y; Li J; Jiang X · Biological trace element research · 2026
    Scoping review18 studies pooledBone Health forCopper
  35. Association between dietary copper, iron, zinc, selenium intake and osteopenia or osteoporosis in elderly hypertensive patients: a retrospective cohort study.
    Chen M; Jia L; Gao R · Frontiers in nutrition · 2024
    Cohort study5,286 participantsBone Health forCopper
  36. Associations of dietary copper intake with total bone mineral density and lumbar spine bone mineral density in American adults.
    Hu M; Wang Z; Li C; Zheng Y; Hu J · Medicine · 2025
    Cross-sectional studyBone Health forCopper
  37. The association between dietary mineral intake and bone mineral density: a cross-sectional study.
    Wei M; Wei J; Huang S · Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2025
    Cross-sectional study11,520 participantsBone Health forCopper
  38. Association between dietary copper intake and bone mineral density in children and adolescents aged 8-19 years: A cross-sectional study.
    Cui A; Yan J; Li H; Fan Z; Wei X; Wang H; Zhuang Y · PloS one · 2024
    Cross-sectional study6,965 participantsBone Health forCopper
  39. Association between Serum Magnesium and Fractures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.
    Dominguez LJ; Veronese N; Ciriminna S; Pérez-Albela JL; Vásquez-López VF; Rodas-Regalado S; Di Bella G; Parisi A; Tagliaferri F; Barbagallo M · Nutrients · 2023
    Meta-analysis119,755 participants4 studies pooledBone Health forMagnesium
  40. Bioabsorbable Magnesium-Based Materials Potential and Safety in Bone Surgery: A Systematic Review.
    Hung CH; Kwok YC; Yip J; Wong HH; Leung YY · Craniomaxillofacial trauma & reconstruction · 2025
    Systematic review386 participants8 studies pooledBone Health forMagnesium
  41. Vascularized bone grafting fixed by biodegradable magnesium screw for treating osteonecrosis of the femoral head.
    Zhao D; Huang S; Lu F; Wang B; Yang L; Qin L; Yang K; Li Y; Li W; Wang W; Tian S; Zhang X; Gao W; Wang Z; Zhang Y; Xie X; Wang J; Li J · Biomaterials · 2016
    Randomized trial48 participantsBone Health forMagnesium
  42. An update on magnesium and bone health.
    Rondanelli M; Faliva MA; Tartara A; Gasparri C; Perna S; Infantino V; Riva A; Petrangolini G; Peroni G · Biometals : an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine · 2022
    Narrative reviewBone Health forMagnesium
  43. Sex-specific differences in the association of magnesium intake with femoral neck bone mineral density among older adults.
    Wang B; Tan X; Yao X; Zhu Z · Endocrine connections · 2025
    Cross-sectional study1,343 participantsBone Health forMagnesium
  44. Risk of Environmental Chemicals on Bone Fractures Is Independent of Low Bone Mass in US Adults: Insights from 2017 to 2018 NHANES.
    Ling R; Ai Y; Chen C; Zhang J; Zou Z; Cheng S; Li C; Li X; Wang B · Metabolites · 2023
    Cross-sectional study2,640 participantsBone Health forManganese
  45. The Manganese-Bone Connection: Investigating the Role of Manganese in Bone Health.
    Taskozhina G; Batyrova G; Umarova G; Issanguzhina Z; Kereyeva N · Journal of clinical medicine · 2024
    Narrative reviewBone Health forManganese
  46. Associations of multiple metals with bone mineral density: A population-based study in US adults.
    Wei MH; Cui Y; Zhou HL; Song WJ; Di DS; Zhang RY; Huang Q; Liu JA; Wang Q · Chemosphere · 2021
    Cross-sectional studyBone Health forManganese
  47. Sex-specific associations of urinary mixed-metal concentrations with femoral bone mineral density among older people: an NHANES (2017-2020) analysis.
    Li H; Li G; Yi M; Zhou J; Deng Y; Huang Y; He S; Meng X; Liu L · Frontiers in public health · 2024
    Cross-sectional study31 participantsBone Health forManganese
  48. Relationship between blood manganese and bone mineral density and bone mineral content in adults: A population-based cross-sectional study.
    Wang C; Zhu Y; Long H; Ou M; Zhao S · PloS one · 2022
    Cross-sectional study9,732 participantsBone Health forManganese
  49. Pregnancy vitamin D supplementation and offspring bone mineral density in childhood follow-up of a randomized controlled trial.
    Moon RJ; D' Angelo S; Curtis EM; Ward KA; Crozier SR; Schoenmakers I; Javaid MK; Bishop NJ; Godfrey KM; Cooper C; Harvey NC; MAVIDOS Trial Group · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2024
    Randomized trial454 participantsBone Health forVitamin D
  50. Vitamin D analogs and bone: preclinical and clinical studies with eldecalcitol.
    Matsumoto T; Takano T; Saito H; Takahashi F · BoneKEy reports · 2014
    Narrative reviewBone Health forVitamin D
  51. Efficacy of vitamin D fortified foods on bone mineral density and serum bone biomarkers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional studies.
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    Meta-analysis1,786 participants20 studies pooledBone Health forVitamin D
  52. Cholecalciferol Supplementation Attenuates Bone Loss in Incident Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Prespecified Secondary Endpoint Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial.
    Tsujita M; Doi Y; Obi Y; Hamano T; Tomosugi T; Futamura K; Okada M; Hiramitsu T; Goto N; Isaka Y; Takeda A; Narumi S; Watarai Y · Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research · 2022
    Randomized trial193 participantsBone Health forVitamin D
  53. Vitamin D supplementation and bone health in post-menopausal women: a 24-month randomized controlled intervention with enhanced bioavailability formulations.
    Rasool N; Munir Y · European journal of clinical nutrition · 2026
    Randomized trial612 participantsBone Health forVitamin D
  54. Choline Supplementation in Cystic Fibrosis-The Metabolic and Clinical Impact.
    Bernhard W; Lange R; Graepler-Mainka U; Engel C; Machann J; Hund V; Shunova A; Hector A; Riethmüller J · Nutrients · 2019
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  55. Human molybdenum exposure risk in industrial regions of China: New critical effect indicators and reference dose.
    Kuang HX; Li MY; Zeng XW; Chen D; Zhou Y; Zheng T; Xiang MD; Wu QZ; Chen XC; Dong GH; Yu YJ · Ecotoxicology and environmental safety · 2024
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  56. Supplementation with selenium can influence nausea, fatigue, physical, renal, and liver function of children and adolescents with cancer.
    Vieira ML; Fonseca FL; Costa LG; Beltrame RL; Chaves CM; Cartum J; Alves SI; Azzalis LA; Junqueira VB; Pereria EC; Rocha KC · Journal of medicinal food · 2015
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  57. [Selenium and oxidative stress in cancer patients].
    Gorozhanskaia ÉG; Sviridova SP; Dobrovol'skaia MM; Zybrikhina GN; Kashnia ShR · Biomeditsinskaia khimiia · 2014
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  58. Comprehensive Insights into the Health Effects of Selenium Exposure and Supplementation Among the Chinese Community Middle-Aged and Elderly: a Combined Retrospective Cohort Study and Intervention Study.
    Li C; Peng X; Zheng J; Shi K; Qin L; Yang Q; Wang Z; Liu Y; Huang L · Biological trace element research · 2024
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  59. Heavy metals and metalloids exposure and liver function in Chinese adults - A nationally representative cross-sectional study.
    Wang S; Lyu Y; Ji S; Liu N; Wu B; Zhao F; Li Z; Qu Y; Zhu Y; Xie L; Li Y; Zhang Z; Song H; Hu X; Qiu Y; Zheng X; Zhang W; Yang Y; Li F; Cai J; Zhu Y; Cao Z; Tan F; Shi X · Environmental research · 2024
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  60. Selenium-Biofortified Strawberries Improve Glucose Homeostasis and Hepatic Function: A 30-Day Randomized Controlled Trial in Healthy Adults.
    Vasto S; Di Rosa L; Ferrantelli V; Fiore AS; Giordano CP; Cannizzaro A; Sabatino L; Macaluso A; Caldarella R; Caldara GF; Baldassano S · Nutrients · 2026
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  61. Vitamin C supplementation ameliorates liver function profile and antiviral treatment response in Hepatitis C patients.
    Nayila I; Javed MS; Khan MA; Hussain G; Raza Naqvi SA; Ali S; Jabeen Z; Shahnawaz S; Akram R; Iman T; Hassan Dogar MZ; Malik SA · Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2022
    Non-randomized trial200 participantsDetoxification forVitamin C
  62. Effect of ascorbic acid-rich diet on in vivo-induced oxidative stress.
    Alleva R; Di Donato F; Strafella E; Staffolani S; Nocchi L; Borghi B; Pignotti E; Santarelli L; Tomasetti M · The British journal of nutrition · 2012
    Non-randomized trial46 participantsDetoxification forVitamin C
  63. Dietary Vitamin C Intake Is Associated With Improved Liver Function and Glucose Metabolism in Chinese Adults.
    Luo X; Zhang W; He Z; Yang H; Gao J; Wu P; Ma ZF · Frontiers in nutrition · 2022
    Observational study8,307 participantsDetoxification forVitamin C
  64. Plasma ascorbate deficiency is associated with impaired reduction of sulfamethoxazole-nitroso in HIV infection.
    Trepanier LA; Yoder AR; Bajad S; Beckwith MD; Bellehumeur JL; Graziano FM · Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2005
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  65. Roles of endogenous ascorbate and glutathione in the cellular reduction and cytotoxicity of sulfamethoxazole-nitroso.
    Lavergne SN; Kurian JR; Bajad SU; Maki JE; Yoder AR; Guzinski MV; Graziano FM; Trepanier LA · Toxicology · 2006
    Clinical trial53 participantsDetoxification forVitamin C
  66. [Therapy of Wilson disease].
    Smolarek C; Stremmel W · Zeitschrift fur Gastroenterologie · 1999
    Narrative reviewDetoxification forZinc
  67. Efficacy of Zinc Supplement in Minimal hepatic Encephalopathy: A prospective, Randomized Controlled Study (Zinc-MHE Trial).
    Janyajirawong R; Vilaichone RK; Sethasine S · Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2021
    Randomized trial69 participantsDetoxification forZinc
  68. Effect of zinc on liver cirrhosis with hyperammonemia: a preliminary randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind trial.
    Katayama K; Saito M; Kawaguchi T; Endo R; Sawara K; Nishiguchi S; Kato A; Kohgo H; Suzuki K; Sakaida I; Ueno Y; Habu D; Ito T; Moriwaki H; Suzuki K · Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) · 2015
    Randomized trial18 participantsDetoxification forZinc
  69. Effects of low dose zinc supplementation on biochemical markers in non-alcoholic cirrhosis: a randomized clinical trial.
    Somi MH; Rezaeifar P; Ostad Rahimi A; Moshrefi B · Archives of Iranian medicine · 2012
    Randomized trial60 participantsDetoxification forZinc
  70. Correlation of Serum Zinc Levels with Hepatic Encephalopathy Severity in Patients with Decompensated Liver Cirrhosis: A Prospective Observational Study from Egypt.
    Semeya AA; Elgamal R; Othman AAA · Biological trace element research · 2025
    Observational study200 participantsDetoxification forZinc
  71. Association of radioactive iodine treatment with survivorship symptoms and primary care utilisation in women of reproductive age with thyroid cancer: a retrospective cohort study.
    Devanarayan P; Hartman M; Partin M · Family medicine and community health · 2026
    Cohort study10,882 participantsEnergy forIodine
  72. Energy level and fatigue after surgery for thyroid cancer: A population-based study of patient-reported outcomes.
    Hughes DT; Reyes-Gastelum D; Kovatch KJ; Hamilton AS; Ward KC; Haymart MR · Surgery · 2020
    Cohort study2,584 participantsEnergy forIodine
  73. Health-Related Quality of Life in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Survivors: A Cross-Sectional Study From Turkey.
    Gültekin A; Kahraman MY; Şengöz T; Şimşek FS · Head & neck · 2026
    Cross-sectional study202 participantsEnergy forIodine
  74. Large-dose intravenous ferric carboxymaltose injection for iron deficiency anemia in heavy uterine bleeding: a randomized, controlled trial.
    Van Wyck DB; Mangione A; Morrison J; Hadley PE; Jehle JA; Goodnough LT · Transfusion · 2010
    Randomized trial477 participantsEnergy forIron
  75. The Effect of Parenteral or Oral Iron Supplementation on Fatigue, Sleep, Quality of Life and Restless Legs Syndrome in Iron-Deficient Blood Donors: A Secondary Analysis of the IronWoMan RCT.
    Macher S; Herster C; Holter M; Moritz M; Matzhold EM; Stojakovic T; Pieber TR; Schlenke P; Drexler C; Amrein K · Nutrients · 2021
    Randomized trial176 participantsEnergy forIron
  76. Ferric carboxymaltose vs. oral iron in the treatment of pregnant women with iron deficiency anemia: an international, open-label, randomized controlled trial (FER-ASAP).
    Breymann C; Milman N; Mezzacasa A; Bernard R; Dudenhausen J; FER-ASAP investigators · Journal of perinatal medicine · 2018
    Randomized trial252 participantsEnergy forIron
  77. Effect of iron therapy on fatigue symptoms in non-anaemic iron deficient women of reproductive age- A Randomized Controlled Trial.
    Sultana N; Bajwa FA; Sikandar MZ; Haider MM; Majeed T · JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association · 2026
    Randomized trial164 participantsEnergy forIron
  78. Intravenous iron isomaltoside treatment of women suffering from severe fatigue after postpartum hemorrhage.
    Holm C; Thomsen LL; Langhoff-Roos J · The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians · 2019
    Randomized trial85 participantsEnergy forIron
  79. Magnesium-L-threonate improves sleep quality and daytime functioning in adults with self-reported sleep problems: A randomized controlled trial.
    Hausenblas HA; Lynch T; Hooper S; Shrestha A; Rosendale D; Gu J · Sleep medicine: X · 2025
    Randomized trial80 participantsEnergy forMagnesium
  80. Total magnesium intake and risk of frailty in older women.
    Struijk EA; Fung TT; Bischoff-Ferrari HA; Willett WC; Lopez-Garcia E · Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2024
    Cohort study81,524 participantsEnergy forMagnesium
  81. Red blood cell magnesium and chronic fatigue syndrome.
    Cox IM; Campbell MJ; Dowson D · Lancet (London, England) · 1991
    Randomized trial32 participantsEnergy forMagnesium
  82. Exercise, magnesium and immune function.
    Laires MJ; Monteiro C · Magnesium research · 2008
    Narrative reviewEnergy forMagnesium
  83. Physicochemical properties of and volatile compounds in riboflavin fortified cloudy apple juice; study of its effect on job fatigue among Egyptian construction workers.
    Fouad S; Ibrahim GE; Hussein AMS; Ibrahim FA; El Gendy A · Heliyon · 2021
    Non-randomized trialEnergy forRiboflavin
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    Heap LC; Peters TJ; Wessely S · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · 1999
    Case-control study30 participantsEnergy forRiboflavin
  85. B-vitamins, related vitamers, and metabolites in patients with quiescent inflammatory bowel disease and chronic fatigue treated with high dose oral thiamine.
    Bager P; Hvas CL; Hansen MM; Ueland P; Dahlerup JF · Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2023
    Observational studyEnergy forRiboflavin
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    Case-control study84 participantsEnergy forRiboflavin
  87. Effectiveness of Riboflavin in Inherited Metabolic Diseases: A Systematic Review
    Bregje Jaeger, Nina N Stolwijk, Femke Aaldering, Charlotte A Ruys, Marije Smits, Nicole I Wolf, Carla E M Hollak, Annet M Bosch · Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease · 2026
    Systematic review381 studies pooledEnergy forRiboflavin
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    Smidt LJ; Cremin FM; Grivetti LE; Clifford AJ · Journal of gerontology · 1991
    Randomized trial80 participantsEnergy forThiamin
  89. Randomised clinical trial: high-dose oral thiamine versus placebo for chronic fatigue in patients with quiescent inflammatory bowel disease.
    Bager P; Hvas CL; Rud CL; Dahlerup JF · Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics · 2021
    Randomized trial40 participantsEnergy forThiamin
  90. Dietary reference values for thiamin.
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    Guideline / consensusEnergy forThiamin
  91. Effects of thiamine supplementation on exercise-induced fatigue.
    Suzuki M; Itokawa Y · Metabolic brain disease · 1996
    Randomized trial16 participantsEnergy forThiamin
  92. Long-term maintenance treatment with 300 mg thiamine for fatigue in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: results from an open-label extension of the TARIF study.
    Bager P; Hvas CL; Rud CL; Dahlerup JF · Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology · 2022
    Randomized trialEnergy forThiamin
  93. The Role of Sesbania grandiflora-Derived Biotin and Bambusa arundinacea-Derived Silica Extracts in Promoting Hair, Skin, and Nail Health: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Study.
    Patel MN; Maheshvari J; Patel N · Cureus · 2025
    Randomized trial105 participantsHair Health forBiotin
  94. Low serum biotinidase activity in children with valproic acid monotherapy.
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  95. Vitamins A, B, C, and D: A Short Review for the Dermatologist.
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    Narrative reviewHair Health forBiotin
  96. The Infatuation With Biotin Supplementation: Is There Truth Behind Its Rising Popularity? A Comparative Analysis of Clinical Efficacy versus Social Popularity.
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    Narrative reviewHair Health forBiotin
  97. [Evaluation of the role of dietary intake in the occurrence of alopecia].
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  98. Beyond Efficacy: 0.6% Selenium Disulfide Shampoo Matches 2% Ketoconazole for Seborrheic Dermatitis with Superior Cosmesis.
    Farris PK; Barbosa V; Houshman EB; Kovylkina N · Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD · 2026
    Randomized trial87 participantsHair Health forSelenium
  99. Selenium Disulfide-based shampoo applied for 4 weeks significantly improves dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis.
    Turcu G; Artenie C; Nowicka D; Arenbergerová M; Lazaridou E; Khobzei K; Ataseven A; Part M; Leclerc-Mercier S · European journal of dermatology : EJD · 2023
    Observational study1,407 participantsHair Health forSelenium
  100. A Comparative Randomized Clinical Study Assessing the Efficacy of a 1% Selenium Disulfide-Based Shampoo versus 2% Ketoconazole Shampoo in Subjects with Moderate to Severe Scalp Seborrheic Dermatitis.
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  101. Changes of serum trace elements level in patients with alopecia areata: A meta-analysis.
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    Meta-analysis764 participantsHair Health forSelenium
  102. Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for selenium.
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  103. Increased prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with alopecia areata: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
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    Meta-analysis2,039 participants14 studies pooledHair Health forVitamin D
  104. Intralesional vitamin D3 in treatment of alopecia areata: A randomized controlled clinical trial.
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    Randomized trial60 participantsHair Health forVitamin D
  105. Vitamin D and its Analogs in Treatment of Mild to Moderate Alopecia Areata: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
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    Randomized trial200 participantsHair Health forZinc
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    Randomized trialHair Health forZinc
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    Case-control study342 participantsHair Health forZinc
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    Hu X; Wang W; Su X; Peng H; Tan Z; Li Y; Huang Y · PeerJ · 2023
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    OtherMetabolism Boost forIodine
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    Zimmermann M; Adou P; Torresani T; Zeder C; Hurrell R · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2000
    Non-randomized trial109 participantsMetabolism Boost forIodine
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    Tan X; Huang Y · Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology · 2022
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    Randomized trial63 participantsMetabolism Boost forMagnesium
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    Randomized trial70 participantsMetabolism Boost forMagnesium
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    Asemi Z; Jamilian M; Mesdaghinia E; Esmaillzadeh A · Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) · 2016
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  132. Plasma vitamin B6 vitamers before and after oral vitamin B6 treatment: a randomized placebo-controlled study.
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    Cohort study46,800 participantsMetabolism Boost forVitamin B6
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    Kim H; Enrione EB; Narayanan V; Li T; Campa A · Nutrients · 2022
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    Adams PW; Wynn V; Folkard J; Seed M · Lancet (London, England) · 1976
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    Clinical trialMetabolism Boost forVitamin B6
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    Randomized trial84 participantsMetabolism Boost forZinc
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    Suka M; Tsuruta H; Takao T; Yanagisawa H · Diabetology international · 2026
    Cross-sectional study533 participantsMetabolism Boost forZinc
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    Narrative reviewMetabolism Boost forZinc
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    Narrative reviewMetabolism Boost forZinc
  141. Zinc and Diabetes: A Connection between Micronutrient and Metabolism.
    Ahmad R; Shaju R; Atfi A; Razzaque MS · Cells · 2024
    Narrative reviewMetabolism Boost forZinc